环境规制对我国贸易开放度的影响研究

论文总字数：29158字

摘 要

在新中国成立初期，物质资料较为短缺，人民群众的生活水平普遍不高，以致于更侧重追求国民经济的发展速度而不是质量上的提升。然而在经济飞速发展的进程中，自然环境的保护一度被忽略，相关的环保政策与法律法规的制定也不完善。然而，随着我国面临日益严重的资源与环境的压力，加之劳动力成本不断上升，传统的依靠廉价的资源要素优势来促进贸易出口发展的思路受到严峻的挑战，我国贸易出口亟需转型升级，以在保护环境的同时推动外贸可持续发展和竞争力的提高。

有人认为，我国多年以来的环境规制都过于宽松，企业并没有真正意识到自己需要承担的环境成本，因此缺乏创新动力，技术水平升级较慢。按照这个观点来看，强化环境规制是有利于促进我国企业技术创新的；在技术升级、成本降低的情况下，企业的产品在国际市场上的竞争力会增强，从而提高开放质量，促进对外贸易高质量发展，这对我国科学制定环境保护政策、促进出口商品技术结构升级具有重要的意义。

由于环境问题早已成为人们非常关注的话题，关于环境规制对贸易的影响也有不少学者进行过讨论，但是并没有得出一致的观点。有一种观点认为，环境规制会为企业带来高昂的额外支出，且这些支出对于企业盈利毫无好处，只会让企业增加成本，从而在国际市场上失去竞争力；另一种观点则认为，符合现实条件的环境规制可以鼓励企业进行技术创新，从而提高生产力，减少一部分成本；还有一种观点认为，要知道环境规制对于企业进出口的影响到底是好是坏，需要综合考虑各方面因素，各方面具体条件不同，企业受到的影响也不同。

根据现有研究，本文讨论并选取了衡量贸易开放度的指标，即对外贸易依存度；并选取了中国各城市近年来相关污染物指标作为环境规制的替代，运用这些数据建立模型，进行实证分析，探索环境规制与我国贸易开放度之间的关系。根据实证结果最终得出结论：中国并非“污染天堂”，提高对于环境标准的要求对贸易开放度的提高有显著的促进作用。在合理的环境规制下，不仅有利于环境污染的减少，还有利于技术升级和产业结构调整，有利于绿色可持续发展。

关键词: 环境规制；贸易开放度；波特假说；产业结构调整

Abstract

Since the reform and opening up, there was a rapid growth for China's foreign trade exports. It has grown from US$9.75 billion in 1978 to US$4.62 trillion at the end of 2017, and has been the world's number one commodity exporting country for nine consecutive years since 2009. However, as China faces increasing pressure from resources and the environment, and labor costs continue to rise, the traditional idea of ​​relying on cheap resource elements to promote trade export development is severely challenged. China’s trade exports are in urgent need of transformation and upgrading to promote the sustainable development of foreign trade, while enhancing competitiveness and protecting the environment.

China's "Environmental Protection Law" also clearly stipulates that June 5 is the Environment Day, and hopes to guide the society to form protection through the establishment of an environmental day. And awareness of improving the living environment. Some people think that the environmental costs incurred by enterprises in the past due to loose environmental regulations in China are small, and the lack of motivation to stimulate enterprise innovation is one of the important reasons why export technology has been difficult to improve. Therefore, whether strengthening environmental regulations can promote the complexity of China's export technology. It is a great concern to promote the continuing develop of foreign trade.This is of great significance to China's scientific formulation of environmental protection policies and the promotion of upgrading the technological structure of export commodities.

  After discussing the theory of how to measure trade openness and the impact of environmental regulation on enterprises, this paper uses the total import and export volume, total number of people, the number of foreign capital utilized, the proportion of tertiary industry, per capita GDP, waste utilization rate, etc. to explore whether the relationship is positive or negative between environmental regulation and China's trade openness. Finally, it is concluded that China's environmental regulation has a significant role in promoting its own export trade. Based on the results of empirical and industry analysis, the Chinese government should seize the opportunity to formulate and implement correct environmental policies, reduce industrial pollution through industrial restructuring, and improve the economy.

KEY WORDS: environmental regulation; trade openness; Porter Hypothesis; industrial structure adjustment

目 录

摘要 …………………………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ

Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ

1. 导论 …………………………………………………………………………………1

1.1 研究背景和意义 ………………………………………………………………1

1.2 研究目标 ……………………………………………………………………………2

1.3 论文总体思路和框架 ………………………………………………………………2

1. 文献综述 ………………………………………………………………………………3

2.1 环境规制和污染天堂假说 …………………………………………………………3

2.2 贸易开放度 ………………………………………………………………………4

2.3 相关文献评述 ………………………………………………………………………5

2.4 小结 ………………………………………………………………………………..6

1. 环境规制对中国贸易影响的理论分析...………………………………………………7

3.1 中国进出口贸易的现状 …………………...…………………………………7

3.1.1 进口贸易现状 ………………………………………………………………7

3.1.2 出口贸易现状 ………………………………………………………………8

3.2 环境规制对贸易的影响 …………………………………………………………8

1. 实证分析 ……………………………………………………………………………11

4.1 数据来源和基本统计分析 ….…………………………………………………11

4.2 回归方程设定 ………………………………………………………………………12

4.3 国内数据实证检验 ……………………………………………………………12

4.4 回归结果 ……………………………………………………………………………16

1. 有关环境规制的政策分析与建议 ………………………………………………19

5.1 贸易方面的建议 …..…………………………………………………………19

5.2 环境规制方面的建议 ……………………………………………………………19

参考文献（References） ……………………………………………………………………21

致谢 …………………………………………………………………………………………23

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