论文总字数:39684字
摘 要
光梳在许多领域有着重要的应用,而它的有效产生是这些应用的基础。与传统基于锁模激光器产生的光梳不同,基于微腔的光梳有着体积小、利于集成等优点。本文总结了光梳的产生机制,并在实验中产生光梳,且观察到光梳的孤子状态。
本文首先介绍了回音壁模式微腔的特点以及光梳的发展和应用。其次介绍了微腔频率梳的产生机制,包括色散效应、热效应、Kerr效应引起的自相位调制和交叉相位调制、四波混频等;以及产生光梳对微腔的基本要求,高Q值使腔内场有效建立,反常色散补偿Kerr效应和热效应带来的腔模红移。在这些效应的综合影响下,光梳最终产生。接着利用有限元仿真,计算不同模式以及不同尺寸微腔对色散的影响,模式阶数越高,色散越复杂,基模只需要考虑二阶色散参数的影响,呈抛物线型,高阶模式则不能忽略更高阶色散参数的影响。之后利用光纤锥耦合的方式,在实验中实现了微腔频率梳的产生,观察了光梳的演化过程,参量振荡产生第一对边带,然后减小失谐,依次形成主梳、子梳,最终演化成混沌梳状态。
最后利用双泵浦抑制热效应,在有效红失谐处观察到一系列离散的阶梯状透射谱,且在频域上呈平滑包络光谱轮廓,表明孤子状态的出现。微腔频率梳的孤子状态再次扩展了光梳的应用范围。
关键词:WGM微腔,色散,热效应,Kerr效应,光学频率梳,孤子
Abstract
Optical combs have important applications in many areas, and their efficient production is the basis of their applications. Unlike conventional optical combs based on mode-locked lasers, microcavity-based combs have the advantages of small size and easy integration. In this thesis, we summarize the mechanism of the optical comb. We produced a comb in the experiment and observed the soliton state of the combs.
In this thesis, we first introduce the characteristics of the whispering-gallery-mode microcavities and the development and application of the optical combs. Secondly, the generation mechanism of the frequency comb in the microcavities is introduced, including dispersion effect, thermal effect, self-phase modulation and cross-phase modulation caused by Kerr effect, four-wave mixing, and so on. We also introduce the basic requirements for generating optical combs in microcavities, including high Q values to ensure effective establishment of the field in the microcavities and the anomalous dispersion to ensure compensation of the cavity mode redshift caused by the Kerr effect and thermal effect. The optical combs are finally produced under influence of these combined effects. Then, using finite element simulation, we calculate the influence of different modes and sizes of the microcavities on the dispersion. The higher the mode order, the more complex the dispersion is. Only the influence of the second-order dispersion parameter on the fundamental mode needs to be considered, which is parabolic. Regarding the higher-order modes, the effects of the higher order dispersion parameters cannot be neglected. The fiber taper is coupled to the microcavity, and then the frequency combs in the microcavities as well as the evolution process of the optical combs are observed in the experiment. The parametric oscillation results in generation of the first pair of sidebands. Then when the detuning is reduced, the primary combs and the subcombs appear. Eventually, the combs evolve into the chaotic states.
The double pumping is employed to suppress the thermal effect. A series of discrete step-like transmission spectra are observed at the effective red detuning, and a smooth envelope spectral profile is observed in the frequency domain. This indicates appearance of the soliton. The soliton state of the microcavity frequency comb once again enlarges the application range of the optical comb.
KEYWORDS: WGM microcavity, dispersion, thermal effect, Kerr effect, optical frequency comb, soliton
目 录
摘 要 I
Abstract II
第一章 绪论 1
1.1引言 1
1.2光学微腔 1
1.3回音壁模微腔 2
1.4光学频率梳 3
1.4.1光纤频率梳 3
1.4.2微腔频率梳 4
1.5微腔频率梳的孤子状态 5
1.6本论文工作及研究意义 6
第二章 微腔频率梳的产生机制 7
2.1回音壁模微腔的特征参数 7
2.1.1品质因子 7
2.1.2自由光谱范围 8
2.1.3模式体积 8
2.2光纤锥-微腔耦合理论 8
2.2.1耦合方法 9
2.2.2耦合模方程 9
2.2.3相位匹配 12
2.3热效应 12
2.4色散效应 14
2.5微腔中的非线性效应 16
2.5.1Kerr效应 17
2.5.2自相位调制 17
2.5.3交叉相位调制 18
2.5.4四波混频 19
2.6光学频率梳的产生机制 20
2.6.1光纤频率梳的产生机制 20
2.6.2微腔频率梳的产生机制 22
2.7本章小结 24
第三章 微腔频率梳的孤子状态 25
3.1孤子脉冲宽度 25
3.2色散对孤子的影响 26
3.3热效应和失谐对孤子的影响 27
3.4本章小结 27
第四章 色散设计与测量方案 28
4.1色散设计 28
4.2色散测量方案 32
4.3本章小结 34
第五章 实验中孤子频率梳的产生 35
5.1微腔制作 35
5.2实验装置 35
5.3参数测量 36
5.3.1损耗校准 36
5.3.2测Q 37
5.4孤子频率梳产生 39
5.4.1光梳的演化 39
5.4.2孤子状态 43
5.5本章小结 48
第六章 总结与展望 49
参考文献 50
致 谢 55
第一章 绪论
1.1引言
回音壁模式(whispering-gallery modes,WGM)微腔因具有较高的品质因子、较小的模式体积以及易于集成等优点,成为一种极具潜力的光子学器件。WGM微腔中基于四波混频过程产生的频率梳,可以实现多波长光源、光孤子传输等,很好地满足未来光通信领域的发展需求。关于WGM微腔中频率梳的研究已经有超过十年的历史,近年,光孤子的发现,使微腔频率梳的研究进入到一个新的阶段。由于孤子状态的光梳具有相干性、宽光谱范围以及平滑包络光谱轮廓等特性,大大扩展了光梳的应用范围。
1.2光学微腔
光学微腔可以在时间上和空间上约束光。通过共振循环将光长期限制在一个小体积范围内[13],使腔内光场能量密度很高,从根本上改变光与物质的相互作用。光学微腔在基础科学领域和应用发面均得到了广泛的研究,如腔光力学[33]、生物传感[34]、腔量子电动力学[32]、微梳[9]以及窄线宽激光源[35]等。
根据微腔限制光场的方式,可以将微腔分为三种类型[12]:F-P微腔、WGM微腔以及光子晶体微腔。如图1.1所示,给出了三种微腔类型以及所对应的典型Q值和模式体积。
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