环境权的概念、功能与立法研究

论文总字数：21959字

摘 要

自从二十世纪六十年代环境污染爆发之后，很多国家确立了环境法律部门，环境权相关理论应运而生。作为环境法学中的重要问题，各国对环境权的研究都有各自特色。本文试图从中国环境法治现状出发，探讨环境权的概念、功能与立法。全文共分为三部分：第一部分追溯环境权的历史渊源，分析公共信托理论与环境权的关系，并对其人权本质展开论证。其后梳理我国环境权的立法和司法现状，立法的缺位和司法实践的困境亟需环境立法体系的建立，并论证环境权应当具有独立地位，指出环境权“否定论者”观点的不足之处。第二部分从环境权体系入手，即主体、客体和内容，强调注重环境权内容的层次性，其具体内容包括实体性和程序性环境权，实体性环境权又分为生存层次的环境权和精神层次的环境权，从而正确界定环境权的定义。而后从制度保障、程序保障、防御、救济和社会功能五个方面对环境权的功能进行论证。第三部分是在上述论证的基础上，得出相关立法建议，认为应打破传统部门法的桎梏，构建以宪法为中心，跨部门法协同规制的立法体系。环境权应入宪，并在民法典、诉讼法以及其他法律规范中落实，以期构建符合我国环境立法现状的环境权体系，推动环境保护和人权的发展。

关键词：环境权 宪法 民法典

ABSTRACT

Since the outbreak of environmental pollution in the 1960s, many countries have established environmental law departments, and related theories of environmental rights have emerged. As an important issue in environmental law, each country has its own peculiarity in the study of environmental rights. This article intends to discuss the concept, function and legislation of environmental rights from the existing circumstances of environmental rule of law in China. The full text is divided into three parts: The first part traces the historical origin of environmental rights, analyses the relationship between public trust theory and environmental rights, and demonstrates the essence of human rights. Then it combs the legislative and judicial status of environmental rights in our country. The absence of legislation and the predicament of judicial practice urgently need the establishment of environmental legislation system. It also demonstrates that environmental rights should have an independent status, and points out the shortcomings of the "negativist" view of environmental rights. The second part starts with the system of environmental rights, i.e. subject, object and content, emphasizing the hierarchical nature of the content of environmental rights. Its specific content includes substantive and procedural environmental rights.Substantive environmental rights are divided into environmental rights at the level of survival and environmental rights at the spiritual level, so that the definition of environmental rights can be correctly defined. Then it demonstrates the functions of environmental rights from five aspects: system guarantee, procedural guarantee, defense, relief and social function. The third part draws the relevant legislative suggestions on the basis of the above argument. It believes that we should break the shackles of traditional sectoral law and build a legislative system centered on the Constitution and coordinated regulation of cross-sectoral law. Environmental rights should be incorporated into the Constitution and implemented in the Civil Code, Procedure Law and other legal norms in order to build a system of environmental rights in line with the current situation of environmental legislation in China and promote the development of environmental protection and human rights.

Key words: Environmental rights, Constitution, Civil Code

目 录

摘 要 II

ABSTRACT III

一、引言 1

（一）问题的提出 1

（二）环境权的独立地位 1

二、环境权的立法与司法现状 2

（一）立法现状 2

1.宪法 2

2.基本法 2

3.单行法 3

4.法规和规章 3

5.部门法 4

6.国际条约 4

（二）司法现状 4

1.民事诉讼与环境权 4

2.行政诉讼与环境权 5

3.刑事诉讼与环境权 5

4.小结 6

三、环境权的渊源与人权本质 6

（一）环境权的渊源——公共信托 6

（二）环境权的人权本质 6

四、环境权的概念与功能 7

（一）环境权的概念形成 7

（二）环境权的功能 9

1.制度保障功能 9

2.程序保障功能 9

3.防御功能 9

4.救济功能 10

5.社会功能 10

五、我国环境权的立法建议 10

（一）环境权入宪 10

（二）融入民法典 12

（三）其他法律规范中的环境权 12

参考文献 14

致谢 16

环境权的概念、功能与立法研究

一、引言

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