改性生物炭对有机污染物的吸附性能研究

 2022-06-12 08:06

论文总字数:22495字

摘 要

VOC—挥发性有机物,是大气中污染物的重要组分,危害着自然环境和人类的身体健康。国内外纷纷出台相关法律法规限制VOCs的排放,技术层面上,VOCs的控制技术更是多种多样,其中吸附法是一种利用吸附剂吸附的物理方法,其优势在于操作方法简单,吸附剂来源范围广,成本较低等。其中,生物炭因其大的比表面积、丰富的孔隙结构等优点,对有机污染物具有良好的吸附能力,主要由高温裂解制备而成,且生物质来源广泛,价格低廉。近些年,已引起学者的广泛关注。

本文以稻壳为原料,经过高温煅烧,制备了稻壳基生物炭,以苯、甲苯、二甲苯为主要吸附质,进行了一系列有机物吸附实验,结果发现,稻壳基生物炭对所研究的有机物吸附能力有限。随后,采用KOH、氨水、浓硝酸对其进行改性。通过微观表征与宏观动态吸附相结合的手段来探究改性生物炭对VOCs的吸附效果并探究影响因素。具体内容如下:

首先,本文以经煅烧得到的稻壳炭吸附三种有机物作为参照组,达到了一定的吸附效果。其次,选用KOH、氨水、浓HNO3分别对稻壳基生物炭进行改性,并以苯、甲苯、二甲苯为研究对象,进行了动态吸附实验,结果发现,三种不同改性方法的生物炭的处理效果顺序依次是:AC-KOHgt;AC-HNO3gt;AC-NH3(苯);AC-KOHgt; AC-HNO3gt;AC-NH3(甲苯);AC-HNO3gt;AC-NH3gt;AC-KOH(二甲苯)。

最后,选取处理效果较好的AC-KOH进行表征分析,所采取的手段是电子显微镜法、比表面积及孔径分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)分析。从微观角度分析了AC-KOH作为吸附剂的优势。以AC-KOH为吸附剂作进一步研究,探究了温度、吸附质浓度、流速等因素对吸附性能的影响,发现这三种变量过高都不利于吸附作用,当温度在25℃,吸附质浓度在2500mg/m3,流速在300mL/min时吸附效果最佳。

关键词:生物炭;VOCs;吸附剂;动态吸附;

Abstract

VOCs-volatile organic compounds (VOC), an important component of pollutants in the atmosphere, is harmful to the natural environment and human health. At home and abroad, relevant laws and regulations have been introduced to restrict the emission of VOCs. On the technical level, the control technology of VOCs is varied. The adsorption method is a physical method using adsorbents, which has the advantages of simple operation method, wide range of adsorbents and low cost. Among them, biological carbon has good adsorption capacity for organic pollutants because of its large specific surface area and rich pore structure. It is mainly prepared from pyrolysis, and it has a wide range of biomass and low price. In recent years, scholars have attracted wide attention.

In this paper, rice husk based biological carbon was prepared by high temperature calcination, and benzene, toluene and xylene were used as the main adsorbents. A series of experiments on organic matter adsorption were carried out. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of rice hull based biological carbon to the organic matter was limited. Subsequently, KOH, ammonia and concentrated nitric acid were used to modify them. The adsorption effect of modified biochar on VOCs was studied by means of microscopic characterization combined with macroscopical dynamic adsorption, and the influencing factors were explored. The specific contents are as follows:

First of all, three kinds of organic matter adsorbed by calcined rice husk charcoal were used as reference group to achieve a certain adsorption effect. Secondly, the rice husk based biological carbon was modified by KOH, ammonia and HNO3, and benzene, toluene and xylene were used as the research object, and the dynamic adsorption experiment was carried out. The results showed that the order of the treatment effect of the three different modification methods was as follows:AC-KOHgt;AC-HNO3gt;AC-NH3 (benzene); AC-KOHgt; AC-HNO3gt;AC-NH3 (toluene); AC-HNO3gt;AC-NH3gt;AC-KOH (xylene).

In the end, the AC-KOH, which has good treatment effect, was selected to be characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), specific surface area and aperture analysis, and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. The advantages of AC-KOH as adsorbent were analyzed from a microcosmic perspective. The effects of temperature, concentration of adsorbate and flow rate on the adsorption properties were investigated with AC-KOH as an adsorbent. It was found that both of these three kinds of variables were not good for adsorption. When the temperature was 25 ℃, the concentration of adsorbate was at 2500 mg/m3 and the flow rate at 300 mL/min was the best.

Keywords: Biological carbon; VOCs; adsorbents; dynamic adsorption;

目录

摘要 I

Abstract II

目录 III

第一章 绪论 1

1.1课题研究背景 1

1.1.1 VOCs来源及危害 1

1.2 VOCs控制技术 1

1.2.1 冷凝回收技术 1

1.2.2 膜分离回收技术 1

1.2.3 催化燃烧技术 2

1.2.4 生物降解法 2

1.2.5 低温等离子体技术 2

1.2.6 光催化技术 2

1.2.7 吸附法 2

1.3本文的研究思路 3

1.3.1 技术路线图 4

第二章 实验部分 5

2.1 实验材料 5

2.1.1 实验原料 5

2.1.2 实验试剂 5

2.1.3 实验仪器和设备 5

2.2 实验方法 7

2.2.1 生物炭的制备 7

2.2.2 生物炭改性 7

2.2.3 改性生物炭的分析表征方法 7

2.2.4 吸附性能的测试方法 8

第三章 改性生物炭对VOCs吸附性能的研究 11

3.1 对甲苯的吸附研究 11

3.1.1 稻壳炭对甲苯的吸附性能研究 11

3.1.2 不同改性生物炭对甲苯的吸附性能研究 12

3.2 对苯的吸附研究 13

3.2.1 稻壳炭对苯的吸附性能研究 13

3.2.2 不同改性生物炭对苯的吸附性能研究 14

3.3 对二甲苯的吸附研究 16

3.3.1 稻壳炭对二甲苯苯的吸附性能研究 16

3.3.2 不同改性生物炭对二甲苯的吸附性能研究 16

3.4 AC-KOH的分析表征 18

3.4.1 傅里叶红外光谱法 18

3.4.2 比表面积及孔径分析 18

3.4.3 表面形貌分析 19

3.5温度对吸附的影响 19

3.5.1 不同温度甲苯的吸附研究 19

3.5.2 不同温度苯的吸附研究 20

3.5.3 不同温度二甲苯的吸附研究 21

3.6 吸附质浓度对AC-KOH吸附量的影响 22

3.7 不同流速对AC-KOH吸附量的影响 23

第四章 总结与展望 25

4.1全文总结 25

4.2展望及建议 25

参考文献 26

第一章 绪论

1.1课题研究背景

1.1.1 VOCs来源及危害

VOCs(volatile organic compounds)代表着具有挥发性的有机物,通常以气体的方式存在,是自然中的有毒有害气体。VOCs的排放源大致分为自然来源与人为来源[1]。自然来源包括动植物的排放、湿地厌氧过程等,人为来源则主要来自于人类在从事工业活动和日常生活中所排放出的污染物。其中,人为来源是VOCs的主要来源。在人们的生活中,厨房烹饪、交通工具、建筑装修等都能够产生和释放一定量的VOCs废气[2];工业生产过程中,金属冶炼、石油加工以及一些化学化工企业的生产行为等都会产生大量VOCs废气[3];另外值得注意的是,电厂中燃煤排放的烟气中也含有大量的VOCs。

空气中VOCs浓度过高或者长期处于VOCs浓度过高的环境,会破坏身体的免疫系统从而引发慢性中毒,干扰人体的神经系统从而可能影响儿童的智力发育,影响人的血压水平诱发一些中老年人的心血管疾病[4]。长期接触苯的同系物例如甲苯,二甲苯,会损坏血液系统,大概率诱发一些血液疾病如白血病等[5]。近些年针对VOCs,国内国外颁布了一系列规定条文来规范各类行业的排放指标。在我国,《民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制》规范明确室内空气中总VOCs浓度测量方法,及挥发性有机物、苯、甲醛、甲苯二异氰酸酯的含量做了明确的要求[6]欧盟2004/42/EC指令旨在限制因油漆、清漆和汽车表面整修产品中使用的有机溶剂而导致的VOC排放[7]。油漆、清漆和汽车表面整修产品中的VOCs含量,会明显提高VOCs的空气排放量。2008年5月7日,加拿大公布用于建筑的涂料挥发性有机物(VOCs)浓度量限制规定提案,通过规定在本法规提案目录第1(2)分项的表中确定的49种建筑涂料挥发性有机化合物限量,保护生活环境和加拿大人的健康[8]

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