论文总字数：38571字

摘 要

“士绅社会”范式认为，中国农村社会中存在一个精英阶层，它们斡旋于国家和社会之间，平衡着国家与社会的关系。本文秉承这一范式，采取“国家—村干部—村民”的研究路径，以豫东南X村为例，通过文献查阅、半结构访谈和参与观察等方法获取该村历史上进行的三次修路工程的情况，从当代村干部的角色定位入手，关注和探讨他们在农村公共物品供给中的角色改变和策略转换。研究结果表明，大集体时期，人民公社对公共资源的调配有着决定性的权力，村干部（生产大队队长）则主要是遵照和传达上级（即公社）的命令和指示，同时负责组织、协调和监管下属各生产小队的供给情况；“三提五统”时期，村干部则主要通过集资、摊派等从村民那里汲取资金和劳动力来解决公共物品的供应问题；税费改革后，村干部失去了自主财源，它的供给策略表现为“上下经营”，即在财政上更加依赖于上级政府的拨款和转移支付，同时也会依靠自己的权威与制度的路径依赖性从村民那里获取资金和劳动力。新时期，上级政府直接外包供给的制度冲击了村干部的上下经营策略，但笔者认为，作为正式官僚组织和非正式乡村社会的联系者，村干部将始终在供给过程中发挥作用。

关键词：农村公共物品，村干部，修路

Abstract

The research paradigm of “gentlemen’s society” holds that there is a culturally homogeneous elite group in China’s traditional rural society. They are both the elite class of rural society and the intermediate buffer between the state and society, playing a role in balancing the interests of the state and society. This article adhering to this paradigm adopts the research path of “country-village cadres-villagers”. Taking X village in southeastern Yu province as an example, I took the method of literature review, semi-structured interviews, and participation observation to investigate the three road construction projects in the history of the village. The situation starts with the orientation of the role of contemporary village cadres, focuses on discussing their roles in the provision of rural public goods and changes in their strategies. The results of the study indicate that the people's communes have decisive powers for the allocation of public resources during the large collective period. The village cadres (the production team leader) mainly follow and pass the orders and instructions of the superior (ie, the communes), and are responsible for organizing, coordinating, and supervising the supply of subordinate production teams; During the period of “three mentions and five reunifications”, village cadres mainly used fund-raising and apportioning to collect funds and labor from villagers to solve the supply of public goods; After the tax and fee reform, the village cadres lost their own financial resources, and their supply strategies were characterized as “operating from top to bottom,” which means that they are more dependent on funding and transfer payments from higher levels of government and rely on their own authority and institutional path dependence to get funding and labor from villagers. In the new era, the system of directly outsourcing supply by upper-level governments has affected the management strategies of village leaders. However, I believes that as linkers between an official bureaucratic organization and an informal rural society, village officials will always play a role in the supply process.

Key Words: Rural public goods， public goods supply， village officer， Road construction，

目录

摘要 I

Abstract II

第一章 引言 2

1.1 研究背景 2

1.2 研究方法 2

1.2.1 文献研究 2

1.2.2 半结构访谈 3

1.2.3 参与观察 3

1.3 田野地简况 3

第二章 文献综述 4

2.1 公共物品供给部分 4

2.1.1 概念界定 4

2.1.2 国外部分 5

2.1.3 国内部分 6

2.2 “士绅”范式与乡村社会精英 8

2.3 评述 9

第三章 供给策略的历史转变 10

3.1 大集体（人民公社）时期 10

3.1.1 政治体制：三级所有，队为基础 10

3.1.2 财政体制：统收统支 11

3.1.3 供给策略：上传下达 11

3.2 “三提五统”时期 13

3.2.1 基层政权：撤社建乡 13

3.2.2 财政体制：“三提五统” 13

3.2.3 供给策略：汲取 14

3.3 农村税费改革时期 15

3.3.1 税费改革 15

3.3.2 供给策略；上下经营 17

第四章 结语 22

致谢 24

参考文献 25

附录 27

引言

研究背景

农村公共物品是农村地区农民生产生活所必需的相关产品和服务，它对农村地区的经济增长和社会发展具有重要的影响。当前，农村公共物品供给过程中存在着较为严重的失衡问题，这严重影响了我国社会主义新农村建设。当前我国正处于全面建成小康社会的攻坚期，城镇化进程加快，农村社会处于剧烈转型之中。这一方面对我国农村公共产品的供给机制产生了重要影响，另一方面也对其提出了更高要求。

建国以后，我国农村的公共物品供给机制发生了一系列的重大变化。在早期的大集体时期，国家的一切资源由政府掌控，政府通过行政指令对国家的公共资源进行分配和控制。1978年改革开放以后，我国逐渐在农村推行家庭联产承包责任制，农户开始了个体承包、独立经营的时代，这极大地调动了农民的个体生产积极性，却也引发了公共物品供给中的集体行动困境。随后，中央又进行了一系列制度性的改革。

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