论文总字数：40286字

摘 要

随着交通拥堵问题的日益加剧，交通系统供需关系不平衡的现象愈发严重，拥堵收费政策作为一种交通需求管理手段，能够有效地平衡路网资源供给与出行需求。拥堵收费政策不仅仅针对私家车出行，在城市物流行业日益发展的今天，对货运车辆也同样需要征收拥堵费。众所周知，货运车辆运行时产生的外部成本远远高于小汽车，而货运车辆为了避开拥堵收费道路而产生的外部成本尤为严重，对环境和居民生活产生严重的影响。本文旨在研究在城市物流条件下货运车辆基于距离的拥堵收费优化问题，考虑卡车运行产生的外部成本，建立货车运行成本模型，并考虑了货车对于拥堵收费政策的不同应对方式，建立了高峰期货车拥堵收费模型建立的影响。

本文首先对城市物流环境下货物运输中的各方关系进行了分析与梳理，并将货车对于拥堵收费的反应方式分为三类，包括不改变送货时间和路线，改变送货路线不改变时间和不改变路线改为在非高峰时段送货。其中 本文假设政府需要承担部分货车高峰出行所造成的额外成本，因此政府会对非高峰时段货车出行采取激励措施，部分货车会根据激励调整出行时间。

本文接着建立了卡车运行的成本模型，卡车在避开收费路段运行时所造成的社会成本与环境成本会大大增加，例如产生更多的噪声污染，尾气排放，燃油消耗，交通事故等，而至今仍没有一个模型将货运车辆在城市路网中运行的成本模型与拥堵收费模型相结合，进行以货运车辆为重点的多类别交通的最优费率模型。本文建立了全面的模型来描述货运车辆运行时产生的成本，并将费率优化问题描述为双层规划模型，其中，上层模型目标函数为最小化交通系统总成本，最小化外部成本，最大化政府拥堵收费净收入，下层模型为用户均衡交通分配模型。下层模型中，路径的成本函数为包括拥堵费在内的货运车辆的私人成本。

最后，本文通过一个算例，验证了模型的有效性，采用遗传算法来求解上文建立的双层规划问题，寻找近似的最优解，求解结果表明该算法能够较好的收敛，这也证明了本文提出的模型的有效性，能够为有关政府决策部门实施更有效率的货车拥堵收费提供理论依据。

关键词：交通经济学，卡车收费，博弈论，二次规划，用户均衡

Abstract

With the increasingly serious situation of traffic congestion, congestion pricing policy, which is an effective means of traffic demand management, has become more widespread. The congestion pricing policy is not only for private cars, but also for freight vehicles. However, the main purpose of congestion pricing for freight vehicles is to encourage trucks to deliver during off-peak hours, but some vehicles will choose to avoid toll roads for transportation, which may result in externality costs for trucks. The purpose of this paper is to study the problem of distance-based congestion pricing optimization for freight vehicles under urban logistics conditions, and considers the impact of different response methods of trucks to congestion pricing policies on the establishment of truck congestion pricing models. This article also focuses on the two core parts of the study of truck congestion pricing rates, which are the cost model and traffic distribution model of freight vehicle operation.

This article first analyzes all parties involved in the transportation of goods under the urban logistics environment, and classifies the response of trucks to congestion pricing into three categories, including not changing the delivery time and route, and varying the delivery route without changing the time, as well as changing the delivery time with route being fixed. Among them, the change of the route of the truck is due to the receiver accepting the government’s incentives to receive goods during off-peak period, which in this article affects the peak period of traffic in the road network.

In addition, social costs and environmental costs caused by trucks avoiding toll roads will increase significantly, such as more noise pollution, emissions, fuel consumption, traffic accidents, etc. There has yet been a model which quantitatively describes the cost of a freight vehicle trying to avoid congestion pricing. This article not only establishes a comprehensive model to describe the external costs generated during the operation of freight vehicles, but also combines it with the congestion pricing optimization model to establish the objective function of the upper model to minimize the total cost of the transportation system, minimize external costs, and maximize government net revenue from congestion pricing. The lower model is a bilevel programming model of the user's balanced traffic distribution model. The lower model does not consider freight vehicles that are delivered during off-peak hours and only considers the private costs of freight vehicles.

A numerical experiment was used to test the validity of the model. In this paper, the genetic algorithm is used to solve the bilevel programming problem, and the approximate optimal solution is found. The results show that the algorithm can converge well, which also proves the model proposed in this paper. Effectiveness provides a theoretical basis for government decision-making departments to implement more efficient truck congestion charges.

KEY WORDS: Transportation Economics， Freight Road Pricing， Bi-level Optimization， User Equilibrium

目录

摘要 I

Abstract II

第一章 绪论 1

1.1 研究背景 1

1.2 研究意义 1

1.2.1 理论意义 1

1.2.2 现实意义 2

1.3 文献综述 3

1.3.1 拥堵收费研究 3

1.3.2 货运车辆的类型 3

1.3.3 卡车对于拥堵收费的响应 4

1.4 研究内容与技术路线 5

1.4.1 研究关键问题 5

1.4.2 技术路线 5

第二章 相关理论基础 7

2.1 效用理论 7

2.1.1 效用的概念 7

2.1.2 影响效用的因素 7

2.2 交通拥堵收费概述 7

2.2.1 车辆出行的外部性 7

2.2.2 拥堵收费的概念 8

2.2.3 拥堵收费的方式 9

2.2.4 存在的问题 9

2.3 本章小结 9

第三章 城市货运中的基本关系 11

3.1 合作博弈 11

3.2 货运市场中的各方关系 11

3.3 卡车错峰运行的条件 13

3.4 本章小结 13

第四章 卡车运行总成本分析 14

4.1 卡车出行的外部性 14

4.2 成本模型参数说明 14

4.3 货车运行总成本[yangyuchen] 15

4.3.1 货车运行成本 15

4.3.2 社会成本 16

4.3.3 环境成本 18

4.3.4 噪声成本 18

4.4 政府激励 19

4.5 本章小结 19

第五章 基于双层规划模型的的卡车拥堵收费模型构建与求解 20

5.1 基于双层规划模型的卡车拥堵收费优化建模分析 20

5.2 模型变量说明 21

5.3 模型的建立 22

5.3.1 成本模型 22

5.3.2 上层模型 22

5.3.3 下层模型 24

第六章 卡车拥堵收费模型的算例与分析 26

6.1 路网基本描述 26

6.2 初步数值分析 26

6.3 数值仿真与分析 27

6.3.1 遗传算法 27

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