论文总字数:28340字
摘 要
区块链是一个由数据加密、数字签名、网络共识等多种技术组合而成的技术堆栈,用于保证数据在分布式储存和操作的环境下保持一致性和可用性。其中,共识协议是区块链的关键组件。本文通过对四种典型的共识协议进行研究,为共识协议的改进或开发提供可参考意见。同时重点研究了加密货币中的四种富有代表性的共识协议下的奖励分配机制。首先,对四种数据共识协议,具体包括工作量证明POW、权益证明POS、重要性证明POI、实用拜占庭容错协议PBFT进行了深入的研究。其次,对以上各种协议的一致性(consistency)、可用性(availability)、容错性(partition tolerance)、可靠性、能耗等方面进行了科学的评价,并且分析了评价的合理性和可靠性。最后,通过研究四种目前基于区块链技术的加密货币采用的共识协议POW、POS、DPOS、POI的奖励分配机制,通过实验对其共识奖励的分配进行模拟仿真,从仿真结果分析它们的优势与不足。并在此基础上针对POI提出了一种改进协议,通过利用交易网络的特性,将节点入度纳入节点的权重计算标准,以此削减商业账户的竞争优势。通过计算以上所有奖励分配的基尼系数,证明改进的POI使得节点在改进的POI共识协议下获得的奖励分布相对较为公平,呈现出一个奖励分布更为合理的结果。
关键词:区块链;共识协议;加密货币;奖励机制;改进的POI
Abstract
Blockchain is a technology stack composed of multiple technologies such as data encryption, digital signature, and network consensus. It is used to ensure consistency and availability of data in a distributed storage and operating environment, where consensus protocols are key component. This paper studies four typical consensus protocols and provides reference for the improvement or development of consensus protocols. Meanwhile this paper focuses on the reward allocation mechanism under the four representative consensus protocols in the Cryptocurrency.
First, four kinds of data consensus protocols, including proof of work (POW), proof of Stake (POS), proof of importance (POI), and practical Byzantine fault tolerance protocol (PBFT) are studied in depth. Second, it scientifically evaluates consistency, availability, partition tolerance, reliability, and energy consumption of the above protocols, and verifies the rationality and reliability of consequences.
By studying the reward distribution mechanisms behind POW, POS, DPOS, and POI, which are currently used in cryptocurrency based on blockchain, this paper performs distribution of their consensus rewards through simulation experiments, and theoretically analyses their advantages and disadvantages according to the simulation results. Finally, an improved protocol pointing to POI is presented in this paper. By leveraging transaction graph, indegree of node is added to weight calculation criteria to reduce the competitive advantage of business accounts. By calculating the Gini coefficient for all reward distributions above, it is proved that the improved POI consensus protocol makes the distribution of rewards obtained by nodes relatively fair, showing a result that data approximately satisfies a reasonable distribution.
Keywords: Blockchain; consensus protocols; Cryptocurrency; reward mechanisms; improved POI
目 录
摘 要 3
Abstract 4
第一章 绪论 1
1.1 研究背景和意义 1
1.2 国内外研究现状 2
1.3 研究目标及内容 2
1.4 论文组织结构 3
第二章 区块链技术以及加密货币概述 5
2.1 分布式账本 5
2.2 共识 5
2.3 密码学 6
2.3.1 完整性保护 6
2.3.2 安全性保护 6
2.4 加密货币 7
第三章 现有共识协议分析及比较 9
3.1 基本概念 9
3.1.1 工作量证明(Proof of Work, POW) 9
3.1.2 权益证明(Proof of Stake, POS) 10
3.1.3 重要性证明(Proof of Importance, POI) 11
3.1.4 实用拜占庭容错协议(Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance, PBFT) 12
3.2 四种共识协议特性的分析比较 13
3.2.1 POW特性分析 13
3.2.2 POS特性分析 14
3.2.3 POI特性分析 14
3.2.4 PBFT特性分析 15
第四章 共识奖励机制仿真实验及分析 17
4.1 设计目标 17
4.2 实验设计 17
4.2.1交易图模型构建 18
4.2.2 权重计算 20
4.2.3 仿真结果及分析 21
4.3 改进的POI协议 26
4.3.1 权重计算 26
4.3.2 仿真结果及分析 26
4.4 基尼系数计算与分析 27
第五章 结论与展望 30
5.1 论文总结 30
5.2 论文后续工作展望 30
致谢 32
参考文献 33
第一章 绪论
1.1 研究背景和意义
2008 年末中本聪(Satoshi Nakamoto)在其论文《Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System》中首次提出区块链技术[1]。随后由于比特币的成功,区块链技术作为其底层技术也得到越来越多的关注和研究,相关应用和研究一度呈现井喷的趋势。麦肯锡研究报告[2]指出:区块链技术,是继蒸汽机、电力、信息和互联网科技之后,目前最有潜力触发第五轮颠覆性革命浪潮的核心技术。
区块链是一个由数据加密、数字签名、网络共识等多种技术组合而成的技术堆栈,用于保证数据在分布式储存和操作的环境下保持一致性和可用性。
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