基于事件相关电位的道德两难故事讨论发的实效性研究

论文总字数：30000字

摘 要

道德是一种社会意识形态，它是人们共同生活及其行为的准则和规范。近些年，脑成像技术获得了长足的发展，研究人员用以研究道德判断的神经机制的手段越来越多，逐渐发现个体的情绪以及认知加工以及冲突检测对道德判断的决定性作用。为了提高被试的道德能力，林德研发了康斯坦茨道德两难讨论法（Konstanz method of dilemma discussion, KMDD）。本研究将传统道德能力测验（moral competence test, MCT）与事件相关电位技术（event-related potentials, ERP）相结合，综合评估学生在进行基于康斯坦茨道德两难讨论法的两难讨论训练前后的心理及脑反应差异，实际评价两难讨论训练的实效性。

道德能力测验的结果表明，通过道德两难训练，个体切实提高了道德判断能力。无论在理性认知上还是在情感上，被试能够在更高的水平下思考道德问题。行为结果发现，被试在做出与自身预期存在冲突的道德判断时，能够更容易的对引发刺激冲突的情景做出判断，而对于引发反应冲突的允许伤害的选项，被试几乎很难做出一致的判断，导致最终Allowing harm下的判断赞成和反对的数量几乎相同。ERP结果表明，有关反应冲突检测的N450成分中，Allowing harm相比于Doing harm和No harm两种刺激所引发的波幅更负，说明允许伤害行为能够引发被试更强烈的反应冲突，而在注意资源投入相关的LPP成分中，波幅恰恰相反，Doing harm和No harm比Allowing harm所引发的波幅更正，说明被试在对Doing harm行为和No harm行为做出判断时会分配更多的注意力。且在道德两难组别中，后测波幅比前测波幅更正，说明后测中被试投入了更多的注意力，并且道德两难训练显著提升了被试对No harm行为的注意分配，使判断更加出于理性的思考。

研究的结果表明，基于KMDD法的道德两难讨论训练能够促进被试的有关道德判断的冲突检测过程，对于提升个体的道德水平有着显著的效果。

关键词：道德判断；双加工模型；ERP；N450成分；LPP成分

Abstract

Morality is a kind of social ideology, which is the criterion and norm of people's common life and behavior. In recent years, brain imaging technology has made great progress. Researchers have used more and more ways to study the neural mechanism of moral judgment, and gradually found that individual’s emotion and cognitive processing play a determinant role in moral judgment. In order to improve the moral competence of the subjects, Lind developed Constantz's method of discussing moral dilemma. The present study combines the traditional moral competence test (MCT) with event-related potentials (ERP) to comprehensively evaluate the changes of students' psychological and brain response before and after training which is developed based on Konstanz method of dilemma discussion (KMDD)..

The results of the moral competence test show that after the moral dilemma training, individuals have effectively improved their moral judgment ability. Subjects can think about moral issues at a higher level from both rational cognition and emotion aspects. Behavior results show that when they make moral judgments that conflict with their expectations, they are more likely to make judgments about stimulus related conflicts behaviors. For the option of allowing harm that initiate response conflict, it is almost difficult for the participants to make consistent judgments, which leads to almost the same number of positive and negative judgments under Allowing harms. ERP results showed that, for the N450, which is related to response conflict detection, Allowing harm had a lower amplitude than Doing harm and No harm, which indicated that allowed injury could trigger stronger response conflict. For the LPP which is related to attention resource distribution, the amplitude of Allowing harm and No harm was the opposite. Doing harm elicited more positive amplitude than Allowing harm. It is clear that the participants will allocate more attention when they make judgments about Doing harm and No harm. And in the moral dilemma group, the post-test amplitude is more correct than the pre-test amplitude, which shows that the subjects devote more attention in the post-test, what is more, the moral dilemma training significantly increased participants’ attention allocation to No harm behavior..

Our findings show that the moral dilemma discussion training based on KMDD method can promote the cognitive processing of subjects' moral judgment effectively, and has a significant impact on improving the individual's moral level.

KEY WORDS: moral judgment; double-processing theory; ERP; N450; LPP

目 录

摘 要 II

Abstract III

第一章 研究综述 1

1.1 道德判断概述 1

1.1.1 道德定义 1

1.1.2 道德判断概述 1

1.1.3 道德判断能力定义及提高方法 2

1.2 道德判断认知机制理论模型 3

1.2.1 理性推理模型 3

1.2.2 社会直觉模型 3

1.2.3 双加工模型 4

1.3 道德判断的认知神经机制 5

第二章 问题提出及研究意义 6

2.1 问题提出 6

2.2 研究预期 6

2.3 研究意义及创新 6

2.3.1 研究意义 6

2.3.2 研究创新 6

第三章 研究设计 7

3.1 实验设计 7

3.2 被试 7

3.3 测量工具及实验材料 7

3.3.1 道德能力测验 7

3.3.2 基于DDA原则的道德判断任务的事件相关电位技术研究 8

3.3.3 道德两难故事讨论法 8

3.4 实验过程 9

3.5 数据处理与统计分析 10

第四章 数据分析与结果 12

4.1 MCT数据结果 12

4.2 行为数据结果 12

4.3 ERP数据结果 13

4.3.1 N450 15

4.3.2 LPP 15

第五章 讨论 17

5.1 MCT量表与道德判断能力 17

5.2 行为数据与道德判断能力 17

5.3 N450反映了道德判断过程中的冲突检测 17

5.4 LPP反映了道德判断过程中的情绪调节与注意力分配 18

5.5 研究不足与展望 18

第六章 结论 19

参考文献 20

附录1 21

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