道德两难讨论训练对初中生道德判断的影响:一项眼动追踪研究

 2022-09-13 14:16:39

论文总字数:24996字

摘 要

道德是人类社会关系发展的基础,在现代社会中有着不可替代的重要作用。道德判断作为道德心理学的研究重点,是指个体按照道德原则为某种行为或事件确定相应道德价值,有着明显的自觉、自愿性。随着年龄、智力、知识水平的不断提高,在学校、家庭和社会等多重环境的作用下,个体的道德判断水平不断提高,其中青少年时期是道德判断水平的快速发展时期。可以通过设计适合个体的课程干预加深个体对于道德困境的理解,从而提高个体面对道德困境时的理性推理能力,使个体更了解自身所面对的道德困境。

近年来,随着脑成像技术的快速发展,与道德判断有关的脑机制的证据也随之增多。本研究从生理指标角度出发,参考康斯坦茨道德两难困境讨论法(KMDD),设计适合于初中生的道德两难故事讨论法,将道德两难范式与视觉情景范式相结合,在视觉场景中记录被试对两难选项的注视偏向,根据听觉与视觉间的时程关系来分析道义论中的“DDA”原则自动激活的情况,综合评估道德两难故事讨论法的实际效果。本实验是一个本研究为2(组别:控制组,实验组)×2(测量:前测,后测)×2(刺激:doing harm,allowing harm)的混合实验设计。其中组别为被试间因素,测量和刺激为被试内因素。

眼动结果发现:(1)预览分析阶段,Net Dwell Time指标和Dwell Time指标显示,所有的主效应和交互作用均不显著,说明道德两难故事背景和两难选项的文字不会直接影响被试的注视偏向(2)句首分析和主分析阶段Net Dwell Time和Dwell Time指标显示,测量、刺激与组别的交互作用显著。其中实验组后测的刺激类型显著,Allowing Harm的凝视时间和注视时间均显著大于Doing Harm的凝视时间和注视时间,说明在情绪加工和双加工阶段,接受道德两难训练的被试其后测DDA原则得到自动激活。

研究结果表明,道义论的DDA原则对道德判断具有重要影响,同时验证了道德判断的双加工理论模型,以及道德两难训练对中学生的道德判断能力的积极作用。

关键词:道德两难,道德判断,视觉情景范式,注视偏向

Abstract

As the basis of the development of human social relation, Morality plays an irreplaceable role in modern society.

As the research focus of moral psychology, moral judgment refers to the individual's determination of corresponding moral value for certain behavior or event according to moral principles. The individual's moral judgment level is constantly improving, and adolescence is a period of rapid development of moral judgment level. We can deepen the individual's understanding of moral dilemma by designing curriculum intervention suitable for individuals, so as to improve the rational reasoning ability of individuals when facing moral dilemma, and make individuals better understand the moral dilemma they are facing.

From the point of view of physiological indicators and referring to KMDD, this study designed a story discussion method suitable for junior high school students' moral dilemma. It combines moral dilemma paradigm with visual scenario paradigm, records the subjects' attention bias to dilemma options in visual scenario, and analyses the principle of "DDA" in deontology according to the temporal relationship between hearing and vision. In the case of automatic activation, the actual effect of the moral dilemma story discussion method is comprehensively evaluated. The experiment had two within-subject factors: test (pre-test vs. post-test), stimulus type (doing harm vs. allowing harm), and one between-subjects factor: group (experiment vs. control)).

The results of Eye-tracking data are as follows: (1) At the stage of preview analysis, the Net Dwell Time and Dwell Time indices show that the background of moral dilemma story and the text of dilemma option will not directly affect the attention bias of the subjects. (2) The Net Dwell Time and Dwell Time indices at the beginning of sentence analysis and the stage of main analysis show that the principle of DDA in the post-test was automatically activated in the emotional processing and dual processing stages.

These findings suggested that the DDA principle of deontology has an important influence on moral judgment. At the same time, it verifies the dual processing theoretical model of moral judgment and the positive effect of moral dilemma training on moral judgment ability of middle school students.

Key words: moral dilemma, moral judgment, visual scenario paradigm, gaze bias

目 录

第一章 研究综述 1

1.1道德判断概述 1

1.1.1道德的定义 1

1.1.2道德判断的定义 1

1.1.3道德判断能力的发展过程 2

1.2道德判断的认知神经机制 2

1.2.1道德判断的认知机制模型 2

1.2.2道德判断的ERP研究 3

1.2.3道德判断的FMRI研究 4

1.3 道德判断能力的提高 4

1.3.1道德判断能力的影响因素 4

1.3.2道德判断能力的提高方法 4

1.3.3基于道德两难的视觉情境范式 5

第二章 问题提出及研究意义 6

2.1问题提出 6

2.2 研究预期 6

2.3研究意义及创新 6

2.3.1研究意义 6

2.3.2研究创新 6

第三章 研究设计 7

3.1实验设计 7

3.2被试 7

3.3实验材料 7

3.3.1基于DDA原则地道德判断眼动任务 7

3.3.2两难故事讨论法 8

3.4实验过程 8

3.5眼动数据处理与统计分析 9

第四章 数据分析与结果 11

4.1预览分析 11

4.1.1 Net Dwell Time指标 11

4.1.2 Dwell Time指标 11

4.2句首分析 11

4.2.1Net Dwell Time指标 11

4.2.2 Dwell Time指标 12

4.3主分析 13

4.3.1 Net Dwell Time指标 13

4.3.2 Dwell Time指标 14

第五章 讨论 15

第六章 研究结论、不足与展望 17

6.1 研究结论 17

6.2 不足与展望 17

参考文献 18

附录1 19

附录2 21

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