物理实验中不确定度的研究

论文总字数：21887字

目 录

1、绪论 6

1.1测量不确定的历史背景和现状 6

1.2不确定度的应用范围 6

1.3本论文研究的目的及研究的任务 6

2、简单阐述误差相关理论、误差与不确定度之间的联系 7

2.1误差的定义 7

2.2误差的种类 7

2.3不确定度和误差的关系 7

2.3.1评定目的不同之处 7

2.3.2评定结果的区别 7

3、实验室不确定度评定 9

3.1确定度的定义 9

3.2确定度的A类、B类评定及合成 9

3.2.1测量A类不确定度评定 9

3.2.2不确定度的B类评定 10

3.2.3扩展不确定度 10

3.2.4不确定度的数值修约 10

3.3置信概率的定义 11

3.3.1包含因子 11

3.3.2 A类不确定度和B类不确定度的不同之处 11

3.3.2 A、B两类不确定度的合成 11

4、各个高校对于A、B两类不确定度的选取方法 12

4.1国内两最具有代表性学校的A、B两类不确定度求法： 12

4.2以下是对各个高校A、B两类不确定度求法以及置信概率的统计 12

5、测量不确定度在惠斯通电桥测电阻实验中的应用 13

5.1实验目的 13

5.2实验原理 13

5.2.1桥式电路的基本机构 13

5.2.2电桥平衡的条件 14

5.2.3自组电桥不等臂误差的消除 14

由上式可知：交换测量测量出来的实验数据和比例臂阻值没有关系。 14

5.2.4电桥灵敏度 14

5.2.5正确使用箱式电桥 15

5.2.6测量中检流计的保护 15

5.2.7自组电桥线路中的作用 15

5.3实验内容 15

5.3.1 电阻及参数测量 15

5.4实验数据的记录和数据的处理 16

5.4.1用自组电桥测电阻及测量其灵敏度 16

5.4.2数据处理 16

5.4.3箱式电桥 17

5.5实验结论 17

6、总结概括和展望 17

参考文献 18

致谢 20

物理实验中不确定度的研究

付浩志

，China

Abstract：Measurement is an essential work in the development of science, engineering, and physical experiments. The reason why we have to choose measurement is to achieve its important measurement results, and the uncertainty of the measurement can be determined to a large extent determine whether the desirability of measurement results. Measurement uncertainty is measuring the quality of quantitative evaluation, today's world, the rapid development, data detection accuracy and feasibility and reliability need higher requirements, the uncertainty is the error analysis of the new understanding and elaboration.

The measurement uncertainty from understanding the meaning and means of credibility, validity of the measurement results of doubt or uncertainty, is a quantitative description of the quality parameters of measurement results. Actually due to lack of understanding of the measurement is imperfect and the people, income is measured value with the dispersion, that is, each measuring results not the same value, but with a certain probability dispersed in a region of many values. Although the objective existence of system error is a constant value, but because we can't completely cognitive or master can only think it is with some probability distribution exists in a region, and the probability distribution itself also has the dispersive. The uncertainty of measurement is the measurement value of dispersion parameters, it showed that the measured result is close to the true value.

In order to characterize the dispersion, the uncertainty of measurement for standard deviation. In actual use, often want to know the confidence interval of the measurement results. Therefore, specified in the definition of note 1: measurement uncertainty degree is also available in standard deviation of multiple or illustrate the confidence level interval half width of the said. In order to distinguish between the two kinds of different methods, which is the standard uncertainty and the expanded uncertainty respectively. Because of the uncertainty in measurement and assessment of the degree of can be used not only in the field of measurement is also applicable to all measurement and other fields related, therefore 1986 International Committee of metrology requirements Bureau International des Poids et mesures (BIPM), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), international organization for Standardization (ISO), the international organization of Legal Metrology (OIML), the theory and application of physical union federation (IUPAP), the theory and application of Chemical Joint Committee (IUPAC) and International Federation of clinical chemistry (IFCCC) and other seven international organizations set up a special working group, the drafting of the measurement uncertainty evaluation of guidance documents. After the working group of nearly seven years of discussion, by the third working group ISO fourth technical advisory group responsible for drafting, and in 1993 to seven international organizations jointly issued the "name" guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement. In 1995 released a revised version of GUM. These two documents lay the foundation for the evaluation and expression of the uncertainty of the measurement results in the whole world. In addition to the above seven international organizations, the International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) also said that the recognition of GUM. That is to say, in the laboratory accreditation work in the country, whether it is the calibration laboratory or testing laboratory, in the evaluation of the uncertainty of measurement results should be based on GUM.

This article to introduce uncertainty degree assessment and the uncertain degree is defined, is mainly to clarify University Physics Laboratory type B uncertainty degree of approximation is employed which method is better, and through experimental data and statistics to illustrate a point.

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