论文总字数：32647字

摘 要

菲茨杰拉德是美国二十世纪最重要的小说家之一。同时，他也被誉为美国爵士时代的代表作家。在《夜色温柔》中，女性主题颇为引人注目。随着女性意识的觉醒，书中的女性人物展示了她们在获得独立和逃离父权控制上的非凡力量。

本文一方面通过经济和情感两方面剖析女性人物的自强自立性。女主人公们用她们非传统的行为来追寻经济上和情感上的独立。她们越强的自我意识表现出她们的自强自立性。另一方面研究书中女性人物关于父权的女性意识，表现为她们拒绝接受社会给予女性的传统定义和对父权制的质疑与颠覆。最后，作者通过她们女性意识觉醒的表现，揭露了书中女性人物对自由尊严和逃离父权控制的渴望。

关键词：《夜色温柔》；女性意识；自强自立；父权

Contents

1. Introduction 1

2. Literature Review 2

3. Feminine Consciousness of Self-strengthening and Self-reliance 3

3.1 Economic Independence 3

3.2 Emotional Independence 5

4. Feminine Consciousness Against the Patriarchy 8

4.1 Refusal to Accept the Traditional Definition on Women 8

4.2 Question and Overturn Against the Patriarchy 9

5. Conclusion 11

Works Cited 12

1. Introduction

Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald is one of the most important novelists in the history of America. Fitzgerald’s literary career is short but remarkable. He wrote many novels and some short stories, making him become a great novelist of the twentieth century, such as The Great Gatsby, his magnum opus, Tender is the Night, Tales of the Jazz Age, All the Sad Young Man and so on. Not only did he show vividly lots of features on social life, flavor of people’s life, people’s spiritual value, culture transformation and revolution at that time, but also he accurately described the phenomenon that the young lost themselves in a profound and plangent tone. Fitzgerald was regarded as a representative writer of Lost Generation, a Poet Laureate in the Jazz Age and a great chronicler.

Among all his works, Tender Is the Night, which Fitzgerald spent nine years on, is highly controversial. After the Critics slammed it violently for several years, Tender Is the Night finally received the support from people. Three books constitute this novel. Book One is written from the viewpoint of Rosemary Hoyt, who is a beautiful American film actress. In her eyes, Dick is a confident, charming, sociable, promising and aspiring man; his wife, Nicole, is pretty and wealthy. Book Two mainly describes Dick’s earlier life, his marriage with Nicole and introduces Nicole’s sister, Baby Warren, to us. Then the plot comes back to 1925s. At the end of Book Two, he has affairs with Rosemary and indulges in excessive drinking. Book Three is a description of the breakdown of Dick’s marriage, career and dream. Nicole recovers from her mental illness and leaves Dick to Tommy Barban, a rich officer. Finally, Dick becomes a commonplace doctor, wandering in every small town.

In the 1920s, men still ruled the society, but feminine consciousness started to take root. Industrialization and urbanization developed American’s economy rapidly, which not only changed people’s life but also provided a sound environment for women to take part in social development and progress. The First World War brought the USA the prosperity and strength and also created much more jobs. Women have more opportunities to get a job and enter into the fields which used to belong to men. Inevitably, financial independence made women ask for emotional independence. Women started to break the traditional moral ideas, seek to be equal to men and pursue individual liberation and freedom of marriage. With dissolving traditional moral system and cultural concepts, patriarchal culture sank into a decline. With women playing more and more roles in life, they started to realize the feminine consciousness.

The literary works always reflects the conflict of thoughts and consciousness in their own age; the writers are always affected by the ideology of their time, too. The changes on social consciousnesses and values also affected writers at that time. Many a writer supported women in their novels. They described women’s living conditions and emotional needs with reality, understood and supported them. Fitzgerald was one of those writers and many female characters in his novels represented American New Woman. In the novel, the new female images that Fitzgerald showed impress us a lot. They experienced a series of sufferings, which made them not only become independent but also question and even overturn the patriarchal society.

This paper intends to analyze the female characters’ feminine consciousness in the novel and thereby helps women live a harmonious life on the basis of equality and mutual understanding in the society. The body falls into two main parts. The first part explores the feminine consciousness of self-strengthening and self-reliance. Those female characters pursue their economic and emotional independence through their unconventional behaviors. Through their independence in economy and emotion, they get more self-consciousness to show strong self-strengthening and self-reliance. The second part studies their feminine consciousness about the patriarchy. They not only refuse to accept the traditional definition on women, but also question and overturn the patriarchy through their disdains for and retorts upon the male characters. In conclusion, the author reveals that those female characters’ feminine consciousness is awakened through their unconventional behaviors, which benefits those women who want more freedom and dignity.

2. Literature Review

Since the publication of Tender Is the Night, many scholars and critics have studied it from various angles. In accordance with Edwin Fussell, he points out that the novel exposes the falling of the American Dream. “Driven by inner forces that compel him towards the personal realization of romantic wonder, the Fitzgerald hero is destroyed by the materials” (Edwin, 1986: 110). Mary M. Colum studies the novel from the point of psychoanalysis and he considers the novel as a psychopathic novel. He says that Tender Is the Night is just like a study of mental diseases. Henry Dan Piper asserts that the novel is a tragedy of morality. In the novel, Dick recognizes the corruption of his own morality by his father’s standard and gradually becomes a tragic character. Liu Wei studies the novel from the point of archetypal. He points out that Dick plays Jesus in Tender Is the Night and spends most of his life saving others.

Many scholars study the reasons of figure tragedy. Hao Fengqiao and Tang Renfu explore the social cause of the male character’s failure. They state that “Dick is a typical American idealist whose talent and ideals are destroyed by the amoral society” (Hao Fengqiao amp; Tang Renfu, 2007: 51). Wang Jing and Shi Yunlong hold a view that “the male character is a victim of the upper class and his fall results from moral standards of the upper class” (Wang Jing amp; Shi Yunlong, 2008: 219). Li Lei interprets the male character’s decadence from the point of consumptive culture. He points out that “Dick’s fate is a modern tragedy directed by consumptive culture” (Li Lei, 2010: 118). Zhang Qin explores the novel from the angle of feminism. He finds that the male character condescends gradually with his charm and power lost in female’s eyes, and the female characters break the traditional rules and struggle against the patriarchy. He regards the novel as the decline of the patriarchy and the rise of females. Hu Rong reads the novel from the theme of the novel—the disillusion of American Dream. According to Wu Jianguo, he explores that the novel exposes the illusion of the dream, which is realized, but is not the perfect one.

So far, although lots of researches have been done on Tender Is the Night from different angles, still insufficient attention has been paid to women’s awakening feminine consciousness in terms of the analysis of the woman characters. Such a research situation considered, this research explores the women’s feminine consciousness through their fight for their economic and emotional independence and their bravery to fight against the patriarchal society and does a thorough examination of Fitzgerald’s expression of feminine consciousness.

3. Feminine Consciousness of Self-strengthening and Self-reliance

3.1 Economic Independence

In the 1920s, a remarkable change in American society is that more and more women get rid of the traditional family’s constraints and become a part of the society. They choose their lifestyles according to their own wills and achieve the economic independence relatively. Their pursuits for companion, materials, enjoyment and freedom exhibit their economic independence. Only when they have jobs belonging to themselves, can they achieve the true independence. In this sense, holding a job alone means economic independence, which makes them get true independence.

In the novel, Rosemary’s state of arousal is more heightened than other female characters because of her totally economic independence. Rosemary is an independent girl from the middle class. She is brought up by her mother alone. “Rosemary had been brought up with the idea of work. Mrs. Speers had spent the slim leavings of the men who dad widowed her on her daughter’ education” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 66). Her mother guides her into the field of film, and thus she has her own career and can depend on herself economically. Mrs. Speers once implies her daughter that “...economically you’re a boy, not a girl” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 66). Rosemary realizes that she never belongs to any man. When she was 16 years old, Rosemary began to make money and was always working her butt off. When shopping with Nicole, she finds that Nicole bugs from a great list that runs two pages and buys things both for herself and her friends. Dislike Nicole, Rosemary buys things with the money she earns by herself. “Rosemary spent money she had earned—she was here in Europe due to the fact that she had gone in the pool six times that January with her temperature roving from 99°in the early morning to 103°, when her mother stopped it” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 87). This text fragments can prove that Rosemary really has an idea of work and depends on herself economically.

Because of economic independence, Rosemary becomes a confident woman. Money gives enough confidence to Rosemary. And her confidence makes her deal with various problems with skilled means. For example, when she stays with Dick, Rosemary is wanted on telephone and finds an excuse with no difficulty to avoid meeting others. She answers the phone, “...I have a caller...No, not very well. I’ve got to go to the costumer’s for a long fitting...No, not now...” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 325). Rosemary is economically independent, which decides one thing that she can make a right wisely when dealing with issues with men. Rosemary is respected because of her independence and she can live independently because she makes money by herself. Through her performing career, she realizes the economic independence as a woman and becomes more and more self-strengthening and self-reliance.

Different from Rosemary, Baby Warren and Nicole Warren are born with silver spoons in their mouths. They are heirs to Warren’s big fortune. Marmora’s parents “treated the Warrens with respect—Dick gathered that their fortunes had something to do with a bank that had something to do with the Warren’s fortunes” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 236). Warren’s big fortune gives Baby confidence and certain advantages over Dick or any other men. At the same time, she has her own business and is a good investor who invests in railway with a large amount of money.

Dick thinks that she is a formidable woman. As a traditional man in a patriarchal society, Dick dislikes her arrogance. When Baby and Dick talk together, Dick says, “You see how silly this is? I’d rather talk to some man in your family—” But Baby persists, “Everything’s been left to me” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 246). She talks to Dick as a man does. And another event can also prove this opinion. When Franz and Dick discuss their business plan, Dick asks Baby for advice. Dick asks, “In your experience, Baby...concerned with money? I think it’s a suggestion you ought to consider, Dick. I don’t know what Doctor Gregory was saying—but it seems to me—” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 272). She uses the advantages of money which she realizes more and more clearly to step into the world of man. She plays the role of man. Her buying Nicole a doctor makes her one of “destructive forces as regards the destiny of Dick Diver” (Verity, 1977: 53). Her confidence and formidable personality contrast strongly with those men of that age. In a traditional patriarchal society, there is no discourse right of women. But, Baby has a greater say than other women. Of course, money gives her right of speaking. Her economic independence makes her do what a man can do. She really knows the role of money which awakes that she can be equal to men and makes a dialogue based on equality.

3.2 Emotional Independence

Traditional women have no right to speak out in emotional issue. Most of them marry the certain man who their parents choose according to the wealth factor and marriage which are their final destination. At that time, girls seem to be in an absolutely passive position; they are married by men, given to others by their parents. In the novel, Nicole and Rosemary chase their own love with freedom. Marriage is not the only goal for Rosemary and Baby. Nicole can choose her husband and emancipate herself from their marriage by divorce. Compared with those traditional women, they are independent emotionally.

Nicole’s emotional dependence is showed in her chasing Dick and divorce with him. Nicole is a patient with mental disease because of being raped by her father which is a metaphor that Nicole is stifled by the patriarchy. But with time going, her female consciousness is awakening little by little. She recovers gradually and displays great initiative in chasing her love—Dick, which shows her female consciousness about emotional independence. When Dick comes out to say good-bye to Franz, he meets Nicole for the first time and they have a short talk. Then, Nicole gets Dick’s “name and address from Doctor Gregory” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 188) and hopes Dick will not mind if she sometimes sends word to wish him well. “He had received about fifty letters from her written over a period of eight months” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 188). Dick “was late the next time, a week later, and Nicole was waiting him at a point in the path which he would pass walking from Franz’s house”(Fitzgerald, 2012: 211). When Dick discusses with others, “Nicole was waiting, expectant, somewhere in that rain” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 220). Despite Dick seldom reacts; Nicole always waits for him wishfully and communicate with him actively. Just like a man, she is completely active to chase Dick which can show her great initiative in her emotion. She wants to be independent emotionally like a man and she finally succeeds doing it.

Nicole’ emotional independence also reflects on the attitude to divorce. In the twenties, divorce was not common, and those divorced women had to suffer from much more criticisms and social pressure than man. Nicole’s divorce with Dick goes a step further to show her feminine consciousness. In Book Three, the story told by Fitzgerald is from the point of Nicole’s view. After her mental switches back gradually, Nicole starts to take a new look at her marriage. Tommy Barban points out that “You’ve got too much money. That’s the crux of the matter. Dick can’t bear that.”(Fitzgerald, 2012: 443) Dick never understands Nicole and always treats Nicole as a patient because she was once ill. They are married, but they do not really love each other.

When she knows that Dick has extramarital affair and deteriorates increasingly, Nicole’s sense of feminist starts to awake gradually. “She was somewhat shocked at the ideal of being interested in another man—but other women have lover—why not me...why shouldn’t I?” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 418). Her thinking shows that she wants to be equal to man on emotion and gets emotional freedom. “She hated the beach, resented the places where she had played planet to Dick’s sun.”(Fitzgerald, 2012: 436) It can prove that Nicole begins not to be submissive to Dick. She realizes that she is independent as a human being instead of being secondary to any one. After making sure that Tommy Barban is her ideal lover, and then, developing an affair with him, Nicole decides to divorce and marries Tommy. In a traditional patriarchal society, women belong to man and are the part of their property. Before getting married, a woman belongs to her father who has the power to choose a man as her husband. After she gets married, she is turned over to her husband who can restrict her arbitrarily. In a general way, women have no right to divorce men. They are taught to follow conventional and traditional norms and obligations which are imposed upon them by the society. But, Nicole succeeds in divorcing Dick, breaking with conventions and disobeying traditional obligations. In the novel, Nicole’s pursuit of love and her divorce can show her emotional independence.

In the battle of their marriage, Nicole beats Dick who has acted as a moral guide, a savior and protector of her. “She had come to hate his world with its delicate jokes and politeness, forgetting that for many years it was only world open to her” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 424). When Dick transfers his attention to Rosemary, she gets angry and accuses him, “I never expected you love me—it was too late—only don’t come in the bathroom, the only place I can go for privacy, dragging spreads with red blood on them and asking me to fix them” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 176). Her complaint against Dick reflects that her feminine consciousness is gradually awakening. She knows Dick doesn’t love her any more. She realizes that Dick is not her true love but her outlet when being oppressed by her father and other men. At the beginning, “Nicole’s love for Dick is in part a ‘transference’ caused by her mental disorder” (Stanton, 1958: 136). So, she has an affair with Tommy in order to want a change. Tommy gives Nicole “a moment of sheerly feminine satisfaction” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 418). Nicole wants “to be worshiped again” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 440) and Tommy gives her a feeling of being sought after. In order to marry Tommy, she fights against her husband. In the end, Nicole wins. “Nicole relaxed and felt new and happy; her thoughts were clear as good bells—she had a sense of being cured and in a new way. Her ego began blooming like a great rich rose as she scrambled back along the labyrinths in which she had wandered for years” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 436). She is not bound by Dick finally and gets back her glory. Nicole is confident and independent enough to restart her new emotional life. Nicole’s divorce and remarriage are a strong indication of her emotional independence.

4. Feminine Consciousness Against the Patriarchy

4.1 Refusal to Accept the Traditional Definition on Women

The traditional definitions on women are given by men in the patriarchal society. A man always wants a woman to be a good wife. They think that by her nature, she is virtuous, minded, faithful, pure, and happy, and has no inordinate ambitions. Among the three—Nicole, Baby, Rosemary, just Nicole gets married and thus becomes a wife. But she is not a good wife because she is always taken care of by her husband Dick instead of taking care of him. A good wife cannot question her husband in any case and should do things resignedly, but Nicole does not. She questions Dick when finding his love affair, and has an affair with Tommy and finally divorces Dick. Baby and Rosemary even do not have qualify for a good wife. Marriage is the fate of women given by social conventions. But in Tender Is the Night, Rosemary becomes a courtesan who “has got some of these Roman boys tied up in bags” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 323). Baby Warren and Rosemary dates with different men. They don not want to be bounded by the marriage and they are never bounded by the marriage. Generally speaking, marriage is not the only goal for their life. They are free in emotion.

“Traditional women depend on men in material goods and are in dominated in the sexual arena” (Shao Sichan, 2003: 106). Baby Warren and Nicole Warren are heirs to Warren’s big fortune. They don not need to depend on men in material goods. Nicole can spend her fortune on shopping, traveling and so on. Baby invests in railway and buys a doctor for her sister Nicole. Rosemary has her own business and spends money she earns on her own. She does not depend on men any more. At the end of Book 3, Nicole’s feminine consciousness is awakening. She wants a change; she wants an affair. That Nicole finally has an affair with Tommy represents her sexual liberation. Though unmarried women are not permitted to have sexual freedom, as an unmarried woman, Rosemary has “slept with six hundred and forty men” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 327). Sleeping with several hundred men is not advisable, but it indicates that Rosemary has sexual freedom and is obviously dominated in the sexual arena.

4.2 Question and overturn against the patriarchy

In the novel, Nicole appears on the scene as a patient. Her mother died when she was eleven years old, so she and her father were on very intimate terms with each other, which finally made her be raped by her own father. After being raped, she never communicates with other people and thus she becomes “a schizoid—a permanent eccentric” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 236). Nicole was raped by her own father who stands for the patriarchy, which makes Nicole have no other choice but to keep silent. The patriarchal cultural stood for by Nicole’s father destroys her life at the very beginning. It deprives Nicole of an opportunity to be a normal woman and keeps her growth in chains. In her letters written to Dick, she wrote, “They had a song about Joan of Arc that they used to sing at me but that was just mean—it would make me cry...They kept making reference to sports...but I wouldn’t get in. Finally they pulled me in...”(Fitzgerald, 2012: 190). These letters indicate that the traditional patriarchy enslaves and control women’s will. “Nicole is totally controlled by male discourse authority. Incest makes her suffer from aphasia, which leads her to be a floret at the mercy of anyone” (Zhao Rongjing, 2009: 43). According to Nicole, Dick is not only a psychiatrist but also her husband, which makes Nicole rely on and be controlled mentally and physically by Dick. With the complex relations between Dick and her, Nicole’s character and mind change a lot. The appearance of Dick changes her state of aphasia. Nicole adores him for saving her, but before she reaches him in a sway of soul and body, his attention focuses on something else. She makes hysterical accusations that “It’s you! —it’s you come to intrude on the only privacy I have in the world—with your spread with red blood on it. I’ll wear it for you—I’m not ashamed, though it was such a pity” (Fitzgerald, 2012:176). Her accusations reflect that she begins to question and revolt against this unfair patriarchal society and Nicole’s female consciousness is awakening.

Dick is Nicole’s husband, but he always treats her as a patient. Every time Nicole complains, he will keep her down as a doctor. When Dick turns his back on Nicole and goes with another, Nicole makes a complaint against him. Dick gives three orders, “Control yourself!” “Control yourself, Nicole!” “Control yourself. Get up—” (Fitzgerald, 2012:176). These three orders can prove that the patriarchy stood for by Dick controls Nicole firmly. In Book 2, Nicole hears from a letter which accuses her husband Dick in no uncertain terms of having seduced a female patient. But Dick says, “This is absurd. This is a letter from a mental patient.” “I was a mental patient,” Nicole retorts. Then, Dick stands up and speaks more authoritatively, “...Nicole. Go and round up the children and we’ll start” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 289). Dick obviously thinks Nicole has an attack of her old illness. It can prove that Dick never treats his wife Nicole as a common woman and they conduct a dialogue on an unequal basis. Afterwards, Dick explains his business about that patient as a delusion. But Nicole doesn’t accept his explanation. She retorts, “It’s always a delusion when I see what you don’t want me to see” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 294). The event above indicates that Nicole questions and retorts what Dick says and does, and realizes her feminine consciousness as a common woman. She is afraid of her dependence on Dick and doesn’t want to depend on him any more.

So, Nicole sets foot on the way of overturning the patriarchy. She wants to get rid of Dick who she depends on for more than ten years. In Book Three, they meet with Rosemary again. Dick fails to make a performance that he can make perfectly for Rosemary and gets hurt. Nicole sees Dick “floating exhausted and expressionless, alone with the water and sky, her panic changes suddenly to contempt” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 420). This event reflects that the patriarchy stood for by Dick has fallen and Nicole can never be controlled by it again. She tells herself, “I’m practically standing alone, without him” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 436). Nicole realizes that she does not need to depend on Dick and can even leave Dick to have a new life. So, she has a love affair with Tommy and wants to divorce Dick, which can be regarded as the overturn about the patriarchy. She fights him with her money, her increasingly health and “her nascent transference to another man” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 455). That she finally succeeds to divorce Dick is a symbol of her overturn about the patriarchy.

Rosemary loves Dick at the first sight when they meet at the beach. Ignoring the fact that Dick has got married, she still decides to love him. In order to pursue her own love, she will do anything she wants. She tells Dick, “I don’t car even if I had a baby” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 103). In Rosemary’s eyes, Dick is charming and powerful. As time goes on, more and more experience Rosemary gets, more and more confidence she achieves. Gradually, she sees Dick’s true colors. Rosemary finds that he wants to “take some of herself away, carry it off in his pocket” (Fitzgerald, 2012: 327) like other men. When meeting with Dick again, Rosemary can totally control herself. She finds that Dick loses his power and becomes selfish and wretched. The change in her attitude towards Dick along with her romantic history shows her overturn about the patriarchy. “In fact, Rosemary redefines the woman who challenges men.” (Peng Tengyao amp; Yan Jun, 2012: 56) She has the enough courage and strength to break the barrier of the patriarchy instead of being controlled or ruined by men.

5. Conclusion

Fitzgerald lives in a particular era when the feminist movement is in the fast development period. In the period of gender culture transformation, Fitzgerald sings about these new women actively because they are not only self-strengthened and self-reliant but also brave in refusal of the traditional definition on them. At the same time, they question and overturn the patriarchy. Through their pursuing economic and emotional independence, the writer explores the feminine consciousness of self-strengthening and self-reliance. Moreover, through revealing the women’s distains for and retorts upon the male characters and fighting against the patriarchy, the writer intends to show that they not only refuse to accept the traditional definition on women, but also question and overturn the patriarchy. Those female characters express their feminine consciousness through their unconventional behaviors, which benefits the modern women a lot.

Tender Is the Night was of the epoch-making significance in the USA at that time. It reveals that the rise of feminism is an inexorable trend of historical development with the awakening of feminine consciousness. The experience of those female characters reflects the similarities of an entire generation of the twenties. They pursues self-strengthening and self-reliance in economy and emotion. They develop their own business to make themselves get economic independence. They break with the traditional marriage and make themselves free from unsuccessful marriages by divorce. They pursue their true love. What they do is to question and overturn the patriarchy. It is of the great practical significance for the modern American women. With the purpose of real equality and independence, American women must have right attitudes towards money and have sound prospect in life. Women get freedom and dignity through their independence in economy and emotion. Although this in itself is not an age when males were supposed to be worth more than the other sex, the inequities still exist in workplace and at home which often lead to tragedy. Only when women and men communicate on the basis of equality and mutual respect can they have a harmonious life.

Works Cited

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[9] 王静, 石云龙. 《跨不去的阶级鸿沟: 评lt;夜色温柔gt;中人物堕落的阶级根源》. 辽宁行政学院学报, 2008 (8): 219-220.

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