论文总字数：32378字

摘 要

1813-1873是英国小说的黄金时代,这一阶段女性作家纷纷出现，她们关注女性在家庭和社会中的地位。本文作者因而从中挑选出具有代表性的由奥斯汀的创作的《傲慢与偏见》和盖斯凯尔夫人的《南方与北方》，用阿尼姆斯原型理论来对这两部作品中的两位女主人翁进行对比，从他们的家庭背景，行为举止和性格特征来探究她们在工业革命迅速发展的维多利亚女王时期观念的转变，同时呈现她们对命运的抗争和对现实的妥协过程，试图说明这一时期的女性意识已经开始觉醒。

关键词：女性形象；女性意识；对命运的抗争；对现实的妥协

Contents

1. Introduction 1

2. Literature Review 2

3. Differences between Elizabeth and Margaret 3

3.1Disparity of family backgrounds 3

3.2 Distinction of behaviors 4

3.3 Diversity of characteristics 7

4. Conclusion 10

Works Cited 12

1. Introduction

Jane Austin was one of the best and greatest novelists in the 19^th century, during which she depicted images of women in sharp writing style and perspicacious languages. Pride and Prejudice is one of her most classical works in which the heroine Elizabeth described is different from the former traditional female images which are prudent, elegant, innocent, virtuous, polite, dedicated, and amiable. Men hoped women could be the angel of family at that time, but Jane Austin portrays the image of women distinguished from the 18^th century. Women are thirsty of equality of the sexes and independence of social status.

With the development of the industrial revolution, another outstanding female author emerged in and broke through the rule of the men in literature. Elizabeth Gaskell paid more attention to the status of female in the 19^th century. North and South is her representative novel in which Margaret Hale is not only a beautiful, seminal, wise, and educated woman, but is more brave, stubborn and independent than the male.

The reason why I compare the two works of female image is that Elizabeth and Margaret the two heroines have similarities in images, however, they have more difference due to family background, social environment, personal characteristics, and marriage attitudes and so on. Contrastive analysis can help me conclude that feminine consciousness is waking up at that time. The development of society made the transition of feminine awareness so that they realized that they need more independence, and hoped to be equal to the male in the society. Elizabeth and Margaret both are acknowledgeable women who have awareness that women shouldn’t be timid and fragile. Just as famous English critic David Manahan said,” British women are less respected in the 18^th century than in any time.

Lunge’s animus theory can be used deeply to analyze the female images and realize which women struggled with men, marriage, and society and finally compromised to the reality. Owing to the immaturity of feminine consciousness, there are many defaults in the imagess of the female. Women acquire some concrete images through interacting with men since father is the first men whom girl contact with. Therefore, thry become the incarnation of Animus.

In general, Animus is formed by their father to girls. Father gives non-controversially and eloquently true faith to their daughter’s animus. Sometimes, girl’s true faith never expressed. This kind influence would be positive or negative. If the impact was basically positive, animus innervates it as “ Prince Charming”. Besides, women could project animus to one or several men which could cause former men having similar situations. Animus entices women to get rid of all human relationship, especially of interacting with men. It is like fantasy ideologies woven cocoon in which it is always “should be” what are the whishes and judgments to split women out of reality. If you get rid of this trap, animus would turn into an invaluable partner to give her initiative, courage, wisdom and spirit of objectivity and other male qualities. Moreover, it can give them invisible aid in their spirit to compensate for their fragile appearance. When the highest form, animus can contact feminine thoughts with era spirit to make them accept novel, creative thoughts, even beyond men. Therefore, women can interact with their sex through creative activities.

2. Literature Review

Compared Pride and Prejudice with North and South, it’s obvious that two heroines have the senses of equality and independence through fighting with marriage. According to Lung’s Animus theory, feminine consciousness has waken up, but there are still many social defaults limit the further development of it. Strictly, Jane Austin is a cross-century novelist, whose works are the production of 18^th and 19^th centuries.(Zhu Hong, 1997 :1) There is no doubt that her work also has some limitations.

Elizabeth and Margaret fight against their destiny, but they fail to do it as middle class women in the 19^th century due to inequality of two sexes in men and women “women are not being by birth, but gradually formed”(Simon, 1989 :15).

In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austin writes to her friend in 1856 “husbands can cheat, abuse, and beat their wife at their pleasure. I can see it in this way in which we can’t help.”(Brassier, 2006). To show the status of women is very low. Young ladies should be “timid, modest, prudent, multi-skilled, fragile and so on.”(Sandra, 1979: 2). Elizabeth has strong sense of fight against the aunt of Mr. Bingley “…if he chooses me, why not agree with it.”(Wu Weihua, 2000: 3). The marriage just like marriage is a psychological relationship” and “marriage should be beyond the blindness of Animus so that realizes the spiritual world together.”(Li Derong, 2003: 35).

In North and South, Margaret is also a sensitive woman, when her dad is dead. “she hugs her aunt’s hands and cries out in her shoulder.”(Gaskell, 1994: 46). However, Ms Gaskell describes Margaret’s characteristics like man. She protected Thornton in the revolt “whichever woman worth’s ‘the female’ would protect the man who is suffering from violence.”(Holbrook, 1990: 23). Margaret has the quality of reflection “ self-reflection to sort different senses and perception clearly makes women have strong inner authority, and she can influence others though herself.”(Figs, 1982: 69)

3. Differences between Elizabeth and Margaret

3.1Disparity of family backgrounds

Elizabeth and Margaret have the same middle class social backgrounds which may be because the two books authors Jane Austin and Mrs. Gaskell also have the similar family backgrounds. Their fathers both are sequins in the 19^th century during which it is vital for family structure since that period is male-dominated society in which men influence family deeply. Mr. Bonnet and Mr. Hale take mainly responsibility of their family revenue; however, Mrs. Bonnet and Mrs. Hale play the roles of “angel of the family”. They depend on their husbands to raise them. Obviously, they don’t have their incomes so that they would never get rid of their traditional role like: timid, modest, prudent, multi-skilled, fragile and so on.

Taking Mrs. Bonnet for an example, she is a rude woman in the Pride and Prejudice in which she says a famous tradition. “It’s natural that rich and handsome man always marries someone.” She paid more attention to her five daughters’ marriages for she is worried about that she would be lonely and have no place to go when her husband Mr. Bonnet died. His husband legacies would be inherited by his nephew minister Collins who is a pride and disgusting man. During the period 19^th century, The Bonnet’s live in courtyard that is a peaceful, less-developed area. Although the great Britain has built capitalism commonwealth in the 1860, Elizabeth still live in a feudal county. Mrs. Bonnet is not good at dealing with their treasure so that they don’t have savings. Jane Austin just portrays three to four households in the book.

While the Bonnet’s family is the poorest family compared with others’. Otherwise, In North and South Margaret’s mother Mrs. Hale is a dedicated woman who obeys to her husband. When Mr. Hale decides to move to Milton from the Southern, she couldn’t oppose it and is involved to deep sorrow in it, eventually passed away whereas Mr. Hale just concentrates on his own personalities and interpersonal relationship. The Hale’s moving from the south to the north means a progress compared to the Bonnet’s. Although their house is rented and raised by Margaret’s uncle and is smaller than the southern house in the country. They lives besides the mill of the Thornton’s in the Milton in the 19^th century during which technology undertakes a great progress. Margaret could know differences about the different cultures between the south and north. Compared Elizabeth’s family and Margaret’s, Margaret could feel more progressive thoughts than Elizabeth who lives in a far away from county. Besides, during the time of the late of 18^th century to the early 19^th century, it is difficult for women to accept high education at that time. Therefore, Elizabeth doesn’t receive standard school education so that she couldn’t understand the poor’s lives.

However, Margaret has accepted high education in Oxford in London so that she could realize the unequal feminine status in the society. In the 19^th century, women have many rights such as law rights, inheritance rights and so on. Margaret had the rights to work as a financial inventor and could hold a family alone. Women are no longer limited at home and could go out to do what they like to, though it is the beginning of the industrial revolution. Jane Austin lives in the period is a complicated times which society is underwent lots of changes but progressive ideas, lifestyle, and value attitude had not been influenced by outside in the rural areas. People are surprised to see new customers from big cities like Darcy and Mr. Bingley.

In the Victorian Times, owing to cultural conflicts, middle or upper class people could not be willing to accept the modern ideas of two-sexual equality and personal independence. The lures of mill would discriminate to the low people and turn to blind eyes to two-sexual equality around Mr. Thornton. Mr. Gaskell wrote North and South from the point of culture to explore the human beings changes in affection, lifestyle, value points, aesthetic testament and language variation in capitalism technology. These changes broke the boundary and influence the whole areas, besides caused the distinct between developed and developing so as to the opposition of industrialized material north and agricultural traditional south. Industrial theme is entry point of the novel. Mr. Gaskell looks into British society in a deep level in which other feminine novelists could not arrive at. Above all, Mr. Gaskell describes area and culture that is an important part in the North and South. Characteristics are production of areas and culture. Elizabeth and Margaret have been greatly influenced by their area and culture so that the two heroines had different characteristics, value attitudes, moral standards, and etiquette.

3.2 Distinction of behaviors

The distinction of behaviors of the two heroines Elizabeth and Margaret are portrayed by Jane Austin and Mrs. Gaskell from two love stories which may seems similar at the first time, but considers deeply that the two images are different in their attitudes towards marriages, value, thoughts. Firstly, Elizabeth dares to walk three miles to look after her sister Jane who is sick in the Mr. Brinkley’s home. Obviously，Miss Boringly and Mr. .Darcy are surprised by her behaviors because they thinks what contraries to the tradition that ladies should take the horse wagon or ride a horse. There is no denying that although Elizabeth’s careens of her sister is still not be accepted by male-oriented society. Men hold the view that women are dedicated and timid not likes Elizabeth whose manners are considered rudely. Modern critic Woolf said “it‘s surprising to see that all great women can be noticed through the viewpoint of men, and only can be noticed from the sexual relationships.” Class and two sexes limited them to treat female equally. The male know little about female because they consider the women “is the second sex”.

Contrary to Elizabeth’s slightly rude manners, Margaret sometimes had a little bit impetuous. When the workers in the Mr. Thornton’ mill breaks out a revolt, Margaret stands out to protect Mr. Thornton from strike from the angry employees.

In the Victorian times, with the development of the capitalism and technology, the contradiction between private ownership and public material ownership is more and more ragged. Although Margaret’s behavior is brave, she is rebuked by Mrs. Thornton who thinks Margaret’s actions shows that she falls into love with her son. Although, society has gained a great progress but the prejudice against women still exist. Hardy had said that we must remember whatever relativism requires, the best novels like other types of arts in the highest performance are much real than history and nature. Elizabeth is less elegant than Margaret because their mothers. From Pride and Prejudice, Mrs. Bonnet involves herself to daily trifles owing to her low birth, while Mrs. Hale is born in a noble family like Margaret’ aunt Mrs. Shaw. Margaret can take on many responsibilities of family. She had been much more independent since she is nine years old. When she lives in her aunt Mrs. Shaw, Margaret is afraid to be found that she needs careens from her father.

Elizabeth and Margaret treat men with different manners. When Elizabeth meet Mr. Darcy, she is angry about Darcy’s pride. Then she prejudices against him for her blur words. Elizabeth speaks to Darcy many times, but every time she answers back with strange tone. Contrary to Elizabeth, Margaret is more polite when confronted with several impolite workers who would like to snatch her purse in a slum. She could understand the poor condition of the low-paid employment and forgives them. Margaret observes the society from the women as it means she has got rid of the bondage of family and enters the society. Mr. Gaskell could concentrate to the low class and at the same time care about them that shows the equality of all the men.

However, in Pride and Prejudice, Mr. Bonnet’s and other squires still have servants, which shows Jane Austin still has a narrow viewpoint towards the society due to personal abilities and social development. According to the two heroines’ attitudes towards their marriage, Elizabeth could be independent of her marriage. When Minister Collins proposes to Elizabeth, she refuses to it. It is obvious that female are not treated equally in the society, even rich ladies play the role of housewives and should learn about sewing, cooking, piano, reading, dancing and so on. When Mrs. Bonnet is very angry about Elizabeth’s refusal the proposal of Minister Collins and blames her unconsciousness. Mrs. Bonnet thinks her second daughter is not sensible and giving up a rich man. When Mrs. Bonnet is young, she changes her life from marriage. Now, she has the responsibility to require her daughters to gain happiness from marriage. Without certain reasons, it is a rule in marriage law at that time in the Great Britain. Elizabeth refuses that proposal because she doesn’t love him directly. However, in deep level, she wants to be independent of the marriage.

Pathetically, many women don’t notice their marriage that social defects and thinks they are born in the poor. They have no rights to choose, and like a vase, just waited to be bought by a rich man according to fortune rather than love. Jane Austin points out the real feminine status and situations, but doesn’t find a right road to be indeed independent. While Margaret refused Mr. Renounces’ proposal, she is calm and sensible. “I always regard you as my friend. I like to look at you like this and believe that I don’t treat you like anything else. Please forget that we have this moment.” She respects everyone she meets because she had received high education, elegant manners in more developed society. Margaret’s refusal shows her confidence and independence. When Margaret meets Mr. Thornton for the first time, they hate each other owing to cultural diversity and different value points.

Big changes happen along the fast development of industry. When sisters Bingley are a little shamed of that they come from the north, compared to Mrs. Thornton, who is proud of her son’s fortune and success in North and South. With the rapid development of northern industry, the psychology of people reflects their attitudes towards value. Margaret regards the world as an elegant standard like Thornton’s and luxurious dinner food which she thought that is vulgar. However, Mrs. Thornton turns back “ I am not so elegant that I can forget the fountain of my son’s wealth and power.” Conspicuously, Margaret considers it is a lacking of manners and naked blow. Compared the two times first proposal between Elizabeth amp; Darcy and Margaret amp; Thornton, Elizabeth refuses Mr. Darcy first proposal mainly due to her prejudice and misunderstanding, however in fact she can’t be acquired of the male equally. Her independence and equality are from imitation and internalization of the masculine values.

Otherwise, Mr. Thornton proposes Margaret when Margaret protects him from striking from the strike of workers and she is hurt. All the people including Mr. Thornton thought Margaret falls in love with him. However, Margaret rebukes Thornton in lacking “education” and misinterprets her motivation. When the revolt is taking place, Margaret requires Thornton to walk out like a man to talk with the employees. She uses the feelings of traditional glory. While Thornton expresses his opinion in ‘real man’ which means the relationship between oneself and one’s own. A woman can bravely protect a man by instinct like Margaret who is equipped with and high education and obedient to their own respectable instinct and sensibility to self-respect and other situations. Mr. Thornton exposes the hidden danger in the northern areas. He pays more attention to material, rivalry, power and wealth that is his understanding of ‘real man’. Whereas southern culture emphasizes spirit, tradition, affection, humanity and inner value which is a feminine culture.

3.3 Diversity of characteristics

Elizabeth and Margaret have similar characteristics like elegant, knowledgeable, and independent. However, Elizabeth is more impulsive than Margaret. It’s obvious that Elizabeth is so self-centered, so that she refused a Darcy’s first proposal. Although she prejudices against Mr. Darcy due to his pride, she turns a blind eye to the truth. However, Margaret is more prudent than Elizabeth. Though it’s difficult for her to change original attitudes towards Mr. Thornton, She could go out to visit the poor employee and learn more about their values, ideas, and aesthetic attitudes. And finally she accepted it.

Moreover, Pride and Prejudice both are the reflection of class psychology. Elizabeth is regretful and ashamed of her misunderstanding, when she knows the truth between Mr. Darcy and Mr. Wickham. The reason why she is ashamed is that noble man disdains to explain their behaviors, whereas immoral men would try to defend to rebuke others and protect themselves. Otherwise, Elizabeth is willing to believe Mr. Wickham which exposes her ignorance. When the fight between employees and employers like Thornton is broke, Margaret stands out to protect him which shows an high-educated woman who could realize the essence of “true men”. Besides, the failure of revolt makes the leader of employee Hinsinley loses his job. When he turns to Margaret for help him to work in the southern area, Margaret prevents him from going there. She describes southern famers’ boring life like “soak into a piece of water and can’t move….make their heads lose vigor.” This shows that she is aware of the drawbacks of the south. Owing to her high-education, she is capable of knowing the distinction between the south and north.

Margaret is a more resolute woman than men. She is able to take on the main responsibilities of family. The capability of rigidity is first described when her cousin gets married to a lieutenant; she prepares it and deals with different trifles. Compares to Margaret, her mother Maria is a dedicated and fragile woman who is involved in deep sorrow of her husband’s decision and her son Fredrick who is exiled to Spanish. She is the traditional woman who is obedient to her husband and son jut as “the angel of family”. Her attitudes towards new culture are not accepted so that she is lonely and could not be able to communicate well with her family members and Mrs. Thornton. “Just as Edith said, it is the thick smoke made me sick like these!” The society is still a man-dominated society in the 19^th century.

Mr. Hale is less resolute than Margaret “above all, I am a weak man because I make my family miserable, and I also can not bear it.” When her mother is ill, Margaret has to take care of her, deal with daily trifles, and comfort her father. Elizabeth has no so strong will because she is little influenced by the equality of two sexes. Although, she recognizes that women should be independent of the marriage and couldn’t because wealth is the marriage rather than affection. In Pride and Prejudice, Miss Lucas married the minister Collins is the example and it is not rare to see that women are second to the men. Elizabeth has the awareness to stand out to prevent the situation in which her little sister Lydia made her elopement with Wickham, She dares to admit her responsibility that Wickham is not a good person. Jane Austin can write this novel from feminine inner world and feelings that make people know the sense of life from women perspectives. Elizabeth is able to recognize the needs of her are a expression of feminine consciousness. Margaret is not only able to know herself but also needs of the low people.

Margaret is independent in body and minds in the North and South. In physical, she has accepted higher education and she left home in nine years old. And eventually when her parents are both dead and her brother is exiled to the Great Britain due to turn to be a traitor. She takes the responsibilities to hold a family and bury her parents with deep sorrow. Then she refuses the proposal of Mr. Bell and became a financial inventor as her job which made her have a private income and independent of the men. Compared with Margaret, Mrs. Thornton is a traditional housewife who has to raise her two children. Conspicuously, that period is still a man-dominant society where Mr. Thornton takes his family. He lives beside the factory in order to make sure the source of wealth safely, which deeply shows that he is a Bulgarian. Elizabeth is not independent of her family which has 2000 thousand pounds each year so that she doesn’t possess revenue which means she would never be independent of wealth.

In psychologically, Margaret had her own thoughts and standards to evaluate the relationship between consciousness and emotions. She observes the Hinsinley’s, understands their struggle and witnesses misery of Bess who is a sick girl due to over absorption of cotton fiber. Margaret shows great compassion to her and shares her happiness and sorrow with her who is the only true friend of Margaret in the Milton. She doesn’t get away from her even though Ms Thornton disregards their poor’s’ manners and less money. Mrs. Gaskell considered capitalist industrial development as a progress of times through historic eyesight. She portrays the image of Margaret who is a gradated character growing up from ignorance to maturity which makes the hostess is more charming and vivid. However, Jane Austin describes Elizabeth more focusing on marriage between Darcy. She could refuse two times proposals which show exactly her psychological independence. Elizabeth is Jane Austin’s favorite character who is her baby-bight, shinny and lively. In Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth is the most outstanding character and cleverest, vividness, and most elegant compared with her sisters; she takes the advantages of respect and spirit with snobbish Miss. Bingley; she is the only one sensible woman around her.

Jane Austin and Mrs. Gaskell portray the two heroines Elizabeth and Margaret have their distinguished characteristics. Jane Austin thought women had the same degree of wisdom and consciousness. The respected ladies had more sensitive observation and accurate judgment than the men because they could pay more attention to details. Women are equal to receive education, and they looked forward to building up marriage and taking tolerance and obedience in morality with men. Elizabeth is one of the most wonderful characters in novels in the 19^th century. Though not good at playing instruments, painting, dancing, and beautiful, she likes reading, has knowledge, observation, judgment, and is clever and vivid. Men around her are not capable enough to compare with her. It is not rare to see that women are disdained by men.

Elizabeth is brave enough to fight against marriage so that she behaves like men just because she receives features from her father. Just as the theory Animus proposed by psychologist Carl G. Jung, every woman has masculine images in their deep heart and composition of their soul. Animus has good features of men existed in women. Elizabeth’ fighting against marriage shows her deep desire like men who are independent enough to choose her marriage. Each woman has different archetypes that they can fell love with someone when the man has similar animus images. Therefore, Elizabeth can marry Mr. Darcy.

Mrs. Gaskell portrayed a reserved and resolute woman Margaret Hale whose image is different from the Victorian Times’ female images. They are timid and cute images in traditional men’s impression. She likes pondering alone “thinks over the changes of her life”, and she often walks out” tiresome of taking the seat of her aunt’s carriage. She is an independent woman and can consider questions and solve things like men reservedly. Margaret represents a positive image who is enterprising, resolute, and cordial. Though analyzing it, women can undergo the progress of her culture and the lurking objective situations so that they can find their own way and strengthen spirit of life attitudes. Margaret can find necessity of herself. Besides she can help Mr. Thornton with her own savings which proves that she is not inferior to the men.

The successful marriage between Elizabeth and Darcy and Margaret and Thornton proved that though the two heroines have struggled against the reality but at last they compromise to it. Jane Austin could focus on feminine fight against feudalism and for free and independent marriage relationship but she could find the road to be indeed equal and independent to the men. Feminine consciousness has waken up but still limited by the feudalism and production. In the North and South, Margaret tames Mr. Thornton and makes polite whereas Thornton educates Margaret to let her to grow up to maturity. Disparately, Mr. Gaskell makes Margaret be an heiress and independent financially. In the end, she marries Thornton who she loves and lives in the north which means she still returns to family.

4. Conclusion

From the analysis above, we can tell that both Elizabeth and Margaret are outstanding female images who have their own distinguished characteristics and behaviors towards the understanding of the world that is greatly influenced by family and social backgrounds. Jane Austin is the first novelist who has the feminine consciousness which asks for the relationship could be free, equal, and independent, moreover, not limited to feudal attitudes and wanted to break the bondage of male-dominated situations.

Elizabeth Gaskell is feminine novelist whose father is a minister at the Unitarian Chapel. She lived in her aunt’s home after her mother died much like Margaret; therefore, she is independent and receives good education like men at that time. When she married a Unitarian minister, she has more rights and support from her husband in writing novels. Subsequently, her thoughts toads her life may be described in her works. From above discussion, the thesis has used the feminine viewpoints demonstrated in Mr. Gaskell’ works North and South, Margaret is Manish authorities and independent in the humane. She is not traditional lady who stays in the private space in the male-dominated society like “the birds in the cage”.

This thesis analyze the two books’ heroines in different family backgrounds, behaviors and characteristics through usage of the theory of Animus in order to explore the inner ideas and feelings of women and concluded that Elizabeth and Margaret fight against destiny, finally compromise to the reality, even though the waken of feminine consciousness. Moreover, it also pointed out the drawbacks of the two women.

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