论文总字数:15500字
摘 要
:随着近年来量子信息学的发展,人们对其做了大量的、深入的研究。因为量子纠缠具有非定域的特性,因此纠缠态在量子信息学——特别是在量子通信中,取得了广泛的发展和应用。目前主要涉及到的领域有量子隐形传态,量子密集编码,量子秘密分享, 量子远程态制备,量子密钥分配等。该文主要讨论了光子纠缠在量子通信中五个方面的应用。关键词:光子纠缠,量子通信,量子远程传态,量子密集编码
Abstract:With the development of quantum information science in recent years, people have done much work on quantum information science. Due to the non-local property, quantum entanglement was widely developed and used in quantum information especially in quantum communication.Ouantum communication contains quantum teleportation, quantum dense coding, quantum secret sharing, quantum key distribution, remote state preparation, etc. This dissertation discusses five applications of photon entanglement in quantum communication.
Keywords: Photon entanglement; quantum communication; quantum teleportation; quantum dense coding
目 录
1 绪论························································4
2 量子纠缠的起源与发展········································4
2.1 量子纠缠的起源············································4
2.2 EPR佯谬和BELL不等式·····································5
2.3 量子纠缠的发展············································6
3 纠缠光源简介················································7
3.1 双光子纠缠················································8
3.2 三光子纠缠···············································9
4 纠缠光子在量子通信中的应用·································9
4.1 量子密码·················································10
4.2 量子隐形传态·············································11
4.3 量子密集编码·············································12
4.4 量子中继与量子存储·······································13
4.5 量子远程传态·············································14
结 论························································17
参 考 文 献···················································18
致 谢························································19
1 绪论
量子力学和信息科学相结合形成了今天的量子信息学,在近年来的发展中又形成了量子通信和量子计算两个分支领域。由于它具有经典信息无法比拟的优势和前景,近年来受到了广泛的注意和长足的发展。目前对量子通信的研究正沿着自由空间、光纤通信两个分支,向实现远程量子通信的目标努力[1]。而在量子通信中,量子纠缠对处于核心地位,由于其奇特的量子特性,使得它成为量子信息中很重要的一种资源。量子纠缠从被提出到逐渐完善已经发展了近百年,各种制备方法和各种方面的应用也相继被提出。量子纠缠的主要制备方法有以下几个:基于非线性晶体的二阶非线性的自然参量下转换和准相位匹配技术,基于光纤三阶非线性效应的四波混频,基于光学参量的压缩态纠缠源。随着量子纠缠源被制备出来,量子纠缠的应用也得到了很大的发展,如量子隐形传输,量子远程传态,量子密集编码,纠缠交换,等通信方面的研究[2]。现在光纤通信技术越来越成熟,光纤传输技术也达到一定的高度,经过先辈们长时间的实验与对比研究发现,极化纠缠光子在量子通信和量子密码等方面有许多优点,所以在远程量子通信和量子密钥分配时,一般使用纠缠光子。本文主要讲述量子通信,量子纠缠的起源和发展,纠缠光子在量子通信中的应用,以及此过程中实际遇到的实验问题和挑战。
2 量子纠缠的起源与发展
所谓量子通信是指利用量子信道来传送信息,被传送的信息可以是量子态也可以是经典信息。能够传送量子态的通道叫做量子信道,这种通道目前都是由建立异地纠缠态来完成的。纠缠态对于量子通信相当重要,主要缘于量子隐形传态方案。因为量子隐形传态方案使得人们可以通过事先已经分配在通信两地的纠缠态辅以经典通信来传送量子态,这就使得量子信道的建立成为可能。在目前进行的各种量子通信的实验中(量子远程传态、量子密集编码与量子保密通信)都依赖于量子纠缠的产生与传输。量子纠缠的产生与有效长距离传送是当前量子通信研究的中心,我们将讨论光子在这方面的应用[3]。
2.1 量子纠缠的起源
量子纠缠是量子力学最重要的特征之一,从其诞生之初就已经提出了“纠缠”这一名词,虽然爱因斯坦首先发现了量子纠缠这一奇特现象,但“纠缠态”的概念最早却是由薛定谔在他的一篇关于“猫态”的论文中提出来的[4]。1935年,薛定谔提出一个假想实验,他用下列波函数来描述猫和原子这个复合系统:
(1)
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