论文总字数：25428字

摘 要

旅游文本的目的在于传递信息和吸引游客，它的英译文本应以此为准则，旨在向外国游客传递景点所表达的主要信息，进而吸引外国游客。本论文以贵阳旅游文本为例，以德国目的论为指导，运用目的论的三原则即：目的原则、连贯原则和忠实原则，对其译本进行具体分析。为了达到贵阳旅游景点翻译的目的，本论文指出这类翻译应以读者为核心，以正确传递信息，吸引游客，传播当地文化为目标。作者希望借由本文的研究能对旅游文本的英译带来一定的启示，从而丰富并提高贵阳市旅游资料的翻译质量，促进贵阳旅游文化的宣传。

摘要：旅游景点；英文翻译；德国目的论；三原则

Content

1. Introduction １

2. Literature Review １

2.1 Studies abroad ２

2.2 Studies at home ２

2.3 Summary of recent studies ４

3. Introduction of the Skopostheorie ４

3.1 Skopos Rule ５

3.2 Coherence rule ６

3.3 Fidelity Rule ６

4.Application of Skopostheorie to the English Translation of Guiyang Tourism Texts ６

4.1 Analysis in light of the Skopos rule ７

4.2 Analysis in light of the coherence rule ９

4.3 Analysis in light of the fidelity rule １０

5. Conclusion １２

Works Cited １４

1. Introduction

With the development of economy and improvement of people’s lives，more and more people want to relax themselves both at home and abroad. Tourism is very beneficial to promoting mutual understandings and cooperation. Thus，high-quality translation of tourism texts is wanted. However, taking a look around the current situation of tourism translation in China, which explains the reason why this thesis is done and the author hopes to provide a bit of help for the tourism translation practice and the improvement of Guiyang tourism texts translation and eventually contribute to the promotion of Guiyang tourism culture to the world.

With the development of tourism industry in today"s society, English translation of tourism texts has been attracting more and more attention. Furthermore, the spread of the unique material culture and spiritual culture also depends on the translation of tourism texts. This thesis mainly discusses the translation of tourism texts, it aims not only to make the translation to pass information effectively, but also to appeal to the aesthetic standards of visitors through the translation. This thesis concentrates on the analysis of English translation of Guiyang tourism texts under the guidance of Skopostheorie to help the translator make better translations and promote the development and spread of culture of Guiyang tourism.

2. Literature Review

In this chapter，the author makes a brief review of recent studies on translation of tourism texts conducted both abroad and at home in 2.1 and 2.2. In point 2.3, the author makes a general summary about recent studies and also points out the deficiencies and limitations. At last there is the analysis of practical applicability of Skopostheorie to English translation of tourism texts.

2.1 Studies abroad

Because tourism takes such an important place, tourism texts have been translated from plenty angles. In this process, a lot of constructive ideas have been put forth and widely applied in tourism industry. All the contributions have lead to the continuous development of this industry.

In The Language of Tourism: Sociolinguistic Perspective, Graham MS Dann reveals that the tourism language has its own discourse. (Dann, 1996：17-19) This is the first sociolinguistic study of tourism. People used to think the tourism language is simple, but in fact it is sophisticated and comprehensive. According to him, language of tourism has the power to attract millions of potential tourists and affect their choices. This book is the first one that illustrates in the tourism language from the perspective of sociolinguistic in detail. Besides，this book provides a lot of references for the marketing in the tourism industry. In addition, the author mentions another representative scholar in aspect of linguistics. Her name is Rosa Lore Sanz. In The Translation of Tourist Literature: the Case of Connectors, Rosa Lores Sanz studied connectives and discourse markers in thematic position in translation of tourism texts. The study is conducted on corpus of texts written in English that was translated from Spanish to English in a small scope. Rosa Lores Sanz concludes that translators tend to conform to the linguistic and norms of source text in tourism texts translation.(Sanz, 2003: 291-308)

Carolyn Sumberg thinks that the tourist brochure is very important in the promotion of a country in her thesis Brand Leadership at Stake：Selling France to British Tourists. In this article, Carolyn Sumberg pointed out that, because of the effort which has been made by the Spanish tourist board, British tourists prefer to choose Spain instead of France to spend their hoilday in recent ten years. (Sumberg, 2004: 328-353)

2.2 Studies at home

2.2.1 Studies in the linguistic aspect

Xu Mingwu makes an assay of the mistakes in publicity materials translation and then makes a comparison between Chinese and English. He summarizes the differences of publicity materials in style. Xu sums up the translation mistakes at the phrases, sentences and contents. Then, he brings forth that there are more translation errors in language compared with function and culture. He puts forward that foreign tourists can get an deeper impression by the amazing and fascinating Chinese cultural heritage sites if scholars would translation in English writing style. (Xu Mingwu, 2006: 69-73)

Jia Wenbo observes that the differences between Chinese tourism texts and English tourism texts lie in their skill of expression and particular language style, and he stresses that such differences spring from their cultural distance and discrepancies in aesthetic appreciation. He further proposes a detailed and plain analysis of aesthetic appreciation discrepancies and gives many examples about English translation of Chinese tourism texts in his paper. (Jia Wenbo, 2003:20-22)

2.2.2 Studies in the inter-cultural aspect

Chen Gang has various works such as the book named Tourism Translation and Guide-Interpreting Studies and the essay named Cross-cultural Consciousness: A Must for Translators of Tour Guided Manual. In this essay he puts forward that the translation of tourist guides is one kind of cross-cultural translation. The awareness of cross-culture must be kept in mind by translators. Chen evinces that the consciousness of cross-culture can be divided into five aspects: Pinyin spelling of names of tourist spots and tourist attractions, translation of tourist attractions, pragmatic meaning, poetry translation and the processing of cultural information. Then，Chen furthers this study and puts forward thirty-eight types of translation techniques for the English translation of tourism texts. He holds the view that tourists-centered with the intention to disseminate the Chinese culture is the most important thing in translation of tourism texts. (Chen Gang, 2004: 30-35)

Ma Caimei and Zhu Yiping’s article, named Intercultural Communication and the Translation of Tourist Publicity Materials, holds the view that the translation of tourist publicity materials is a representative form of intercultural translation, the success of which relies on the intercultural consciousness of translators. Moreover, in this paper, the significance of intercultural consciousness is emphasized by a punctilious analysis of the folklore and religious tourist publicity materials in Shanxi Province. (Ma Caimei amp; Zhu Yiping, 2007: 128-132).

2.3 Summary of recent studies

This chapter summarizes some relevant studies on translation of tourism texts in recent years. In chapter two, we can find that some studies provide various practical experiences and a great deal of favorable insights into the research of translation of tourism texts. However, parts of these studies seem to be short of theoretical support and appear to be unrealistic and subjective. Besides, among the conclusions of current studies, most of the studies are with reference to some aspects of translation of tourism texts in one paper. For instance, tourist advertisements, hotel information, sightseeing guide manuals and tourist brochures are all involved at the same time. Nevertheless, few of them have done deep research in only one aspect. Another point is that few studies are directly related to the translation of Guiyang tourism texts. For so many reasons, the author intends to perform an analysis of translation of Guiyang tourism texts which is both theoretical and practical in the light of Skopostheorie.

3. Introduction of the Skopostheorie

In the Skopostheorie, translation is thought as an aimed intercultural activity, which happens in a specific culture. Different aims and intentions decide different translation methods and translation strategies. There are six basic rules of skopos theory formed in Reiss and Vermeer’s book. These rules are ranged in a gradational order. Owing to space, only three most underlying rules of the Skopos theory will be introduced in this chapter in detail, they are the skopos rule, the coherence rule and the fidelity rule. The significance of the rules is still in stratified order, along with the skopos rule being top-ranking rule and the most important one, and the other two rules getting involved in the skopos rule touching upon how the success of the action and information transfer is to be estimated．

3.1 Skopos Rule

The most important rule deciding whatsoever translation practice is the Skopos rule, which says the Skopos determines the translational behavior and is usually annotated as “the end justifies the means” (Reiss and Vermeer, 1984: 101). This top-drawer rule for translating is explained by Vermeer like this:

The Skopos rule thus reads as follows：translate／interprete／speak／write in a way that enables your text／translation to function in the situation in which it is used and with the people who want to use it and precisely in the way they want it to function. (Nord, 2001: 29).

A single translational behavior permits different aims and the aims are usually assigned by readers, who supply detailed information including time, purpose, the addressees, occasion and medium of the intended function and the intended communication. So target readers actually have a lot to say in the determinations on the translation skopos. While in real cases, it is the translators who unleash great effect over the selections of valid translation skopos particularly when the clients, who are not unleashed in intercultural communication, have an ambiguous or even wrong idea of what type of text is named for the situation in question. So in various cases, translators deduce the translation skopos by considering the target receiver, including his cultural background and translational situation. (Nord, 2001: 31)

This rule frees translating behavior from the permanent dilemmas of free VS. loyal translation and dynamic VS. formal equivalence, because it offers the translator a new perspective with regard to how to translate and what strategy to use.

3.2 Coherence rule

The coherence rule is that the translation must be adequately coherent to make the target clients understand it. It implies that the translation needs to be acceptable and make sense in target language culture and the communicative circumstance in which it is received. Only in this way can the communicative function of translation be realized.

According to Vermeer’s view, the translator needs to make a translation which is meaningful to target-culture receivers. A communicative interaction can be thought as successful only if the target-culture receivers interpret it as a sufficient coherence with their situation. In this sense, a successful translation should be made even “part of the receiver’s situation”. (Nord, 2001: 32)

3.3 Fidelity Rule

The fidelity rule indicates that there should be coherence between source text and target text. Vermeer asserts it even though the shape of target text is decided by the translation skopos, accuracy should be involved in these two texts. It implies the translation texts need be faithful to the source text; however the range of the faithfulness lies in both the translator’s comprehension of the source text and the goal of the target text.

These three rules dominate the translator’s behavior in the entire process of translation. The three rules have a layered relationship, in which the skopos is on the top, yet the fidelity role at the bottom. When there appears a collision among them, the skopos rule must be given preferential right over the other two rules in the process of translation.

1. Application of Skopostheorie to the English Translation of Guiyang Tourism Texts

Guiyang is the capital of Guizhou Province of Southwest China. It is located on the east of the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau, and on the north bank of the Nanming River, a branch of the Wu River.

Guiyang has become more and more popular with tourists from other places both in China and abroad owing to its delicious foods, historical interests and scenic locations. The local government follows very closely to the development of Guiyang’s tourism industry. Translation of tourism texts is a useful device for the city’s publicity and the tourism texts is the first step for the sightseers to learn about the city. For that reason, the English translation of Guiyang tourism texts is very important for the development of Guiyang’s tourist industry. In chapter four, the author is going to analyze the English translation of Guiyang tourism texts under the guidance of Skopostheorie.

4.1 Analysis in light of the Skopos rule

It is very important for the translator to find out the skopos of a translation, such as the reason for translating the tourism texts and the function of the tourism texts during translating. To some extent, the translation of tourism texts aims to appeal to more tourists. So what the potential foreign tourists want and where they take an interest in is a major study. Some examples will be presented and quoted in this part.

Example one:

状元府和万寿宫

Zhuangyuanfu (The Number One Scholar’s Residence) and Wanshou Palace (Longevity Palace)

Both the two names of places are translated in two ways; Zhuangyuanfu and Wanshou are translated by Chinese pinyin, while their meaning are absolutely recondite for foreign tourists. Nevertheless, the literal translation “The Number One Scholar’s Residence"’ and “Longevity Palace” presents completely clear meaning. For that reason, the translator carried out two ways, literal translation and transliteration, to translating these kinds of terms in order to convey the unique Chinese culture and distinct meaning. So it follows the Skopos rule.

Example two:

保利温泉的客房连名字都充满诗意：泉中秘境、云海泉居、天一泉府和云中别墅

The guest rooms in Baoli Hot Spring Resort has poetic names, such as Quan Zhong Mi Jing (Mysterious Land in Springs), Yun Hai Quan Ju (Spring House in Clouds), Tianyi Spring Mansion (Spring Mansion with Nature and Man in One), and Yun Zhong Bie Shu ( Villa in Clouds).

In this part, “泉中秘境”,“ 云海泉居”,“ 天一泉府”and “云中别墅”are all translated with two forms. The former “Quan Zhong Mi Jing”, “Yun Hai Quan Ju”, “Tianyi Spring Mansion” and “Yun Zhong Bie Shu” is translated with Chinese Pinyin. But its meaning is totally mysterious for foreign tourists. But “Mysterious Land in Springs”, “Spring House in Clouds”, “Spring Mansion with Nature and Man in One” and “Villa in Clouds” express quite exact meaning for target readers. For that reason, the translator applied two ways to translate these kinds of words by using both literal translation and transliteration to convey Chinese culture and clear meaning, which follows the Skopos rule.

Example three:

该寺有殿宇三重，前为天王殿，现殿中塑有弥勒佛像，殿两侧塑有四大天王之像。

The temple is composed of three halls. The front hall is the Hall of Heavenly Kings with the statue of Maitreya Buddha in the middle and the statues of the four Heavenly Kings on both sides.

In this part of translation, many proper names are included，such as “弥勒佛”, and “四大天王”. And there are translated as “Maitreya Buddha” and “four Heavenly Kings”. From these translations, we can find that the proper names can be translated through literal translation. So it follows to the Skopos rule.

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