论文总字数:14249字
目 录
1.材料与方法··········································3
1.1研究区概况·······················································3
1.2资料来源·························································3
1.3资料处理·························································3
1.4土壤物理特性·····················································4
2.结果分析············································4
2.1土壤的贮水量时间变化···············································4
2.1.1土壤的贮水量与降水之间的关系································4
2.1.2土壤的贮水量生育期各阶段变化情况····························5
2.1.3土壤的贮水量随旬序数变化规律································7
2.2 不同玉米生育期各土层土壤水分变化情况·······························8
2.3 土壤的贮水量与玉米产量之间的关系··································10
3.结果与讨论···································12
参考文献········································12
致谢············································14
吉林玉米生育期土壤水分变化及其对玉米产量的影响分析
薛涵
,China
Abstract: Jilin province is the one of the main maize production areas in China,water has strongly impact to maize yields.In recent years,global climate changed significantly,uneven distribution of precipitation,and drought became more serious,these make huge fluctuations in maize yield changes.In order to use water resources more reasonable,reduce maize yield fluctuations,we make use of the data of soil water and maize yield of maize observation land sector by agro-meteorological experimental station (1994-2012) in cities of Baicheng and Yushu,and the data of meteorology by datum stations (1994-2012),we analyzed soil moisture change in maize growing stages and its effects on maize yield.The results show that:0-50cm average soil moisture in maize growing stages in Jilin province had variability oscillation obviously,changing almost consistently with the annual precipitation,and related to the annual precipitation so significantly;soil moisture in heading-stage was least. The soil moisture changing with the ten-day ordinal assumes the second power curve,and the superficial layers soil moisture content was lower than deep layers obviously in 0-50cm soil layers.The soil moisture content and maize output of Jilin province during growing stages were negative effect in seedlings to seven leaves stage and in mature stage,and which positive effect in the jointing to heading stage.
Key words: maize,soil moisture,growing stages,yield,Jilin province
玉米是我国重要的饲料作物和粮食作物,而吉林省是我国最大的玉米产区之一。水分是植物生存所必需的元素之一,土壤水分为植物的生长发育提供其所需的水分。王延宇等(1998)通过盆栽试验对不同生育期的土壤水分对玉米产量的影响进行了实验分析,结果显示,土壤水分对玉米产量影响从大到小的顺序依次是灌浆期、孕穗期、拔节期、开花期、苗期[4]。王宁珍等(2009)利用相关资料分析了陇东地区土壤水分变化规律及其对玉米产量的影响,结果表明土壤的贮水量的变化表现为二次曲线,拔节到抽雄阶段是贮水量与玉米产量相关最显著的时段[2]。李春华等(2014)研究山西省玉米生长季土壤水分变化规律及对玉米产量的影响,分析得到玉米拔节-乳熟期土壤的贮水量与气候产量呈正相关,而抽雄期是需水临界期[1]。
因此,本研究利用榆树市和白城市的农业气象试验站土壤水分资料和玉米产量资料,以及观测站的气象资料,通过分析玉米生育期土壤水分变化规律,研究土壤水分对玉米产量的影响,进而讨论在干旱情况下如何更加合理的利用水资源来生产玉米,以此为提高土壤水分的利用率和完善吉林省玉米生产管理提供科学依据。
1.材料与方法
1.1研究区概况
本研究区在榆树市和白城市农业气象观测站内。榆树市位于吉林省中北部,榆树市气象观测站位于东经126°32′,北纬44°5′,海拔204.0m。是季风性中温带半湿润气候,多受季风影响,年均降雨量为581.74mm。雨热同期,日照比较长,对于农作物生长很有益处。白城市地处吉林省的西北部,松嫩平原的西部,白城市气象观测站位于东经122°5′,北纬45°38′,海拔155.4m。属于温带大陆性季风气候,降水主要集中在夏季,同样是雨热同期,春季干燥多风,易发生春旱;夏季炎热多雨,但雨热不均匀。年平均降水量为387.55mm,其中作物生长季的降水量占全年较多,能够部分满足作物的水分需求。
1.2资料来源
试验样地位于榆树市和白城市的气象观测试验站内。据《农业气象观测规范》[8]规定,从玉米播种开始,每个月的8、18、28日采用土钻取土的方法测定土壤湿度。测定的深度为50cm,每次间隔10cm就取1次土样,每次测定4个重复,然后计算平均值。产量资料是从玉米观测地区获得,降水量资料则是取自气象站,两者皆为1994年到2012年之间的资料。
1.3资料处理
本研究以土壤的贮水量表示土壤水分。一定深度土层中含水的绝对数量是土壤的贮水量,需要用公式进行换算。土壤的贮水量W(毫米)的计算公式为:W=0.1·h·d·w。式中h是土层的厚度(cm),d为土壤容重(g/cm3),0.1是单位换算系数,w为土壤湿度(重量百分数)。
玉米产量与土壤的贮水量的积分回归模型为:
Y=c0+∫a(t)x(t)dt········································(1)
式中,c0为积分常数,a(t)为积分回归系数或影响系数,表示某个气象要素,本研究中为土壤水分,在t+△t时段内单位数值的变化对于玉米产量的形成的影响系数,X(t)为土壤的贮水量。对模型进行适当的变换,将a(t)分解为随时间变化的部分和不随时间变化的部分相乘积的形式,然后带入积分回归模型可以得到:
Y=c0+a0q0+a1q1+···+apqp=c0+∑akqk,(k=0,1,2,3,···,p)。 (2)
在实际应用的时候,一般k取5次项。qk=∫x(t)Φ(t)dt其中Φ(t)是时间的正交多项式,可以通过查表来得到,x(t)是已知的。求出qk的值之后,就通过式(2)利用线性回归求得c0和ak,然后就可以得出各时期的a(t)值了。
利用玉米产量Y可求得吉林省榆树、白城生育期内土壤水分对产量的积分回归系数a(t),以此来分析土壤水分与玉米产量的定量关系[16]。
1.4土壤物理特性
榆树市以黑钙土居多,酸碱性呈中性,土壤肥力中等,地下水位深度大于2m,0-50cm榆树市的田间持水量在24.0-26.9%之间,土壤容重为1.1-1.3g/cm3, 凋萎湿度在11.7-12.9%之间(见表1)。白城市则以砂壤土居多,酸碱性呈中性,土壤肥力中等,地下水位深度大于2m,0-50cm白城市的田间持水量在18.5-20.3%之间,土壤容重为1.4-1.5 g/cm3,凋萎湿度在8.1-10.0%之间(见表2)。
表1 榆树土壤水文物理特性 | |||
深度/cm | 田间持水量/% | 土壤容重/(g/cm3) | 凋萎湿度/% |
0-10 | 24.5 | 1.1 | 12.0 |
10-20 | 24.0 | 1.2 | 12.9 |
20-30 | 26.9 | 1.3 | 11.9 |
30-40 | 26.7 | 1.1 | 11.7 |
40-50 | 25.3 | 1.1 | 12.6 |
表2 白城土壤水文物理特性 | |||
深度/cm | 田间持水量/% | 土壤容重/(g/cm3) | 凋萎湿度/% |
0-10 | 19.5 | 1.5 | 8.1 |
10-20 | 19.2 | 1.4 | 10.0 |
20-30 | 20.3 | 1.5 | 9.3 |
30-40 | 19.2 | 1.4 | 8.3 |
40-50 | 18.5 | 1.5 | 8.1 |
2.结果分析
2.1土壤的贮水量时间变化
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