月球车热控系统方案及其动态热特性研究

论文总字数：40863字

摘 要

本文在调研国内外月球车热控技术的基础上，通过分析月球表面热环境和月球车热控要求，给出了壳体包裹多层隔热材料、散热板和隔热结构相结合、放射性同位素月夜加热、相变材料蓄热加热等四种常规月球车主被动热控方案。在分析月球车常规热控系统温度动态变化特性和控制效果的基础上，提出一种基于月面g/6重力的流体自循环回路和相变材料相结合的新型热控方案，该热控方案充分利用月球热环境维持月球车内热平衡，节约能源，并可有效保障月面环境下月球车的温控功能。

建立月球热环境下月球车各组件动态传热的理论模型，采用四阶龙格库塔法数值求解各组件动态传热过程的控制方程组。采用本文模型对已有文献中的月球任务舱热控系统进行对比数值模拟，数值模拟与实验获得的温度动态变化一致，验证了本文所建立的月球车动态传热模型的合理性。对不同热控方案的温度动态特性研究表明：壳体包裹多层隔热材料、散热板和隔热结构相结合的被动热控方案只能缓解月昼高温问题，放射性同位素月夜加热、相变材料蓄热加热的主动热控方案能够很好地解决月夜低温问题，因而，将主被动热控技术相结合才能达到良好的月球车温控效果。本文提出的流体自循环回路和相变材料相结合的新型热控方案，能够将电源月夜最低温度控制在-10℃左右，具有良好的温控效果。

最后通过对新型热控方案下的月球车可能遇到的极端工况的仿真研究表明，在阴影驻车条件下的月球车月昼和月夜温度平均低于在正常驻车条件下月球车的温度约20℃，进而提出月球车热控系统中必须严密观测月球车实时温度，改善热控系统对温度变化的响应速度。本文研究成果可以为未来月球车热控技术的优化提供参考。

关键词：月球车，传热模型，相变材料，热控方案

A Study on the Methods of Thermal Control System for Lunar Rover And the Dynamic Temperature Characteristics

03011006 Zhao Liang

Supervised by Zhang Chengbin

Abstract:

Based on the investigation on the thermal control technologies of lunar rover around the world, we analyzed the thermal environment on lunar surface and the requirements of the thermal control of lunar rover. Four conventional thermal control schemes is presented for lunar rover, including shell covered with multi-layer heat insulation materials, heat dissipation plate combined with the heat insulation structures, radioisotope heating under moonlight and heat regeneration using phase-change materials. The dynamic characteristics of the temperature variation and the efficiency of the control scheme have been studied. In the context, a new thermal control technology based on phase-change material and lunar gravity is proposed. By making full use of lunar thermal environment to maintain heat balance of lunar rover the energy consumption is reduced in our scheme. In addition, affective and long-term operation can also be achieved.

A theoretical model predicting the dynamic heat transfer processes of the lunar rover is and solved with the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. Using the model in our thesis, the heat transfer process of a lunar rover in previous reference is conducted. The simulations reproduced the temperature fluctuation which agrees well with the experimental measurements and verifies that the present model is reasonable. We analyze the four conventional thermal control schemes for lunar rover and the results show that the passive scheme including the utilization of the multi-layer heat insulation materials and the combination of heat dissipation plate with heat insulation materials can only remit the high temperature issue by the day of the moon, while the positive schemes including the radioisotope heating under moonlight and heat regeneration using phase-change materials can solve the low temperature problem in the night of the moon. This indicates that the passive and positive thermal control methods should be applied in combine to gain effective control of temperature. Hence, the new thermal control technology which coupled with the fluid circulation loop and the phase-change materials shows favorable thermal control effect and the temperature of lunar rover can be controlled around -10℃, which is optimal for power system.

Finally, analysis of the characteristics of lunar rover in possible extreme conditions show that the temperature of the lunar rover is 20℃ below the normal condition on average when the lunar rover is stationed under the shadow. It is suggested that the real-time temperature of the lunar rover must be observed rigorously to improve the response of the thermal control system on the variation of the temperature. The results in this thesis can be adopted as the reference of the optimization of the thermal control technology of the lunar rover in the future.

KEY WORDS: lunar rover, heat-transfer model, phase-change material, thermal control

目录

第一章 绪论 1

1.1 引言 1

1.2 月球车热控技术研究现状 1

1.3 需求分析及意义 2

1.4 本文主要研究内容 3

第二章 月球车动态传热过程的理论建模 4

2.1 月球车热环境分析 4

2.2 月球车动态传热过程的理论建模 5

2.2.1 月球车热环境 5

2.2.2 月球车壳体 7

2.2.3 月球车功能系统 10

2.3 模型数值求解 12

2.4 结论分析 13

2.4.1 壳体动态传热过程 13

2.4.2 功能系统动态传热过程 15

2.5 模型验证 17

2.6 本章小结 19

第三章 月球车热控系统方案及其动态特性研究 20

3.1 月球车外壳以多层隔热维护结构和蒙皮包裹方案 20

3.1.1 多层隔热材料的隔热原理 20

3.1.2 建立模型 21

3.1.3 结果分析与讨论 21

3.2 隔热维护结构与散热板结合方案 22

3.3 放射性同位素加热主动热控方案 24

3.4 相变材料主动热控方案 26

3.5 月球车极端工况动态研究 30

3.6 本章小结 33

第四章 结论与展望 34

4.1 主要研究成果 34

4.2 主要创新点 35

4.3 展望 35

致谢 37

参考文献（References） 38

申请的发明专利 40

月球车热控系统方案及其动态特性研究

第一章 绪论

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