论文总字数:25259字
摘 要
无人驾驶电动汽车因其较好的发展前景而日益成为学者们研究的热点,但目前国内外的研究较多关注无人电动汽车的控制系统,对驱动机构,特别是四轮独立转向驱动机构方面的研究还相对缺乏。而本课题则是基于传统汽车悬架的构造特点,设计与分析适用于无人电动汽车的四轮独立转向驱动机构,填补了这方面的空缺,因而有着重要的理论意义和现实意义。设计过程及方法如下:
首先,基于不等长双横臂独立悬架的结构特点,采用涡轮蜗杆机构实现转向以及轮毂电机实现驱动,设计出适用于无人汽车的的独立悬架,并简要地分析该悬架的空间运动及动力传递等情况。最后,对驱动机构中较为重要的元件(驱动电机和蓄电池)进行初步的选择,以求达到汽车动力性指标的要求。
其次,选择中央控制系统控制转向驱动单元的方式,建立控制框架,同时制定整个控制框架的工作方法及流程。再基于传统四轮独立转向汽车的转向控制算法,设计无人汽车的整车转向控制算法。
最后,依据所设计驱动机构的尺寸,再结合悬架性能方面的要求,设置悬架导向机构的初始参数,利用ADAMS对悬架的初始性能进行仿真与分析。再分析出各个设计变量对优化目标产生的具体影响。最后,以最小化车轮下落时的外倾角的变化量为设计目标,优化悬架导向机构,对比优化前后的仿真结果,可知悬架优化后明显改善了其性能。
关键词:无人电动汽车;四轮独立转向;独立驱动;双横臂悬架;悬架导向机构
Abstract
The unmanned electric vehicle has been increasingly focused by researchers because of its bright future, but the most of the researches are concerned about the control systems. The researches about the drive mechanism, especially the researches about the four-wheel independent steering mechanism are still relatively lacking. Therefore, this project designs and analyzes four-wheel independent steering drive mechanism for the unmanned electric vehicle, based on the characteristics of the traditional automotive suspension, which fills the vacancy, so the project has important theoretical and practical significance. The processes and methods of the designing are as follows:
Firstly, this project uses the worm mechanism for turning and wheel motor for driving to design the independent suspension for the unmanned electric vehicle, based on the characteristics of the unequal length double wishbone suspension , and analyzes briefly the space motion and the power transmission of the independent suspension. Finally, it selects initially the important elements of driving mechanism, such as the drive motor and the battery.
Secondly, this projects chooses the way how the central control system controls the unit of steering mechanism, establishes a control framework and drafts the working processes and methods of the entire control framework. And then, it formulates the steering control algorithm for the unmanned electric vehicle, based on the traditional four-wheel independent steering control algorithm.
Finally, this project uses ADAMS to simulate and analyzes the initial performance of the suspension, depending on the size of the designed suspension and the requirements of the suspension. Then, it analyzes the specific influences of the various design variables on the optimized targets. In the end, it optimizes the suspension guiding mechanism by minimizing the camber’s variation when the wheel falls, compares the simulation results before and after the optimization and finds that the optimized suspension significantly improves its performance.
Keywords: Unmanned electric vehicles; Four-wheel independent steering; Independent driving; Double wishbone suspension; Suspension guiding mechanism
目 录
第一章 绪论 1
1.1 课题背景和意义 1
1.2 国内外相关研究的现状以及未来发展趋势 1
1.3 主要的研究内容 3
1.4 本章小结 4
第二章 驱动/转向的悬架的设计 5
2.1 悬架系统的选择 5
2.1.1 悬架系统的简介 5
2.1.2 悬架系统的分类 5
2.1.3 横臂式独立悬架 6
2.2 无人汽车不等长双横臂独立悬架的设计 8
2.3 悬架系统中重要元件的选择 10
2.3.1 驱动电机的选择 10
2.3.2 蓄电池的选择 10
2.4 本章小结 12
第三章 控制算法及框架的设计 13
3.1 控制算法的设计 13
3.1.2 四轮独立转向驱动系统的运动学模型 13
3.1.3 四轮独立转向驱动控制算法 13
3.2 控制框架的设计 17
3.3 本章小结 18
第四章 悬架导向机构的运动学仿真及优化 19
4.1 悬架运动学性能方面的评价指标 19
4.2 建立悬架模型 20
4.3 悬架导向机构的仿真与优化 24
4.3.1 悬架的初始性能的仿真 24
4.3.2 悬架导向机构各参数对车轮定位参数的具体影响 30
4.3.3 悬架导向机构的优化 36
4.4 本章小结 42
第五章 总结与展望 43
5.1 工作总结 43
5.2 研究展望 44
致 谢 45
参考文献 46
- 绪论
1.1 课题背景和意义
在过去几年,由于能源和环境问题越来越多地得到关注,拥有马达驱动系统的新能源车辆,例如电动汽车(EV),混合动力汽车和燃料电池汽车的研究和开发一直在积极进行着[1]。其中电动汽车所受关注最为广泛。
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