论文总字数：21241字

摘 要

理想的超黑材料可以吸收所有可见光而几乎不发生反射。因此，超黑材料在天文、探测、隐身及能源等领域有着广泛的应用。金属材料本身具备十分优异的低透过性能，因此本研究拟通过构建多孔结构和成分调节来获得低反射的新型宽波段超黑的金属材料，并且将超黑材料与太阳能蒸发装置结合应用。

本文先采用氢气泡模板法制备多孔镍铜薄膜，通过不同镀液配方制备了Ni、Cu含量不同的NiCu二元涂层。通过改变镀液当中硫酸镍、硫酸铜和硫酸铵的浓度制备了镍铜含量不同的NiCu二元镀层。所有样品均为疏松的金属多孔韧带与微米多孔构成的多孔结构。金属韧带宽度随Ni含量的减少而增加，孔径分布范围增加，平均孔径增加。在光学性能测试，Ni含量为78 at%的样品反射率在四个样品中最低，光学性能最优。通过改变沉积时间对光学性能最优的镀液配方进行沉积制备了镍铜含量不同的NiCu二元镀层。所有样品均为微米多孔与疏松的金属多孔韧带构成的多孔结构。随着沉积时间增长，枝晶密度增大，尺寸减小。韧带逐渐致密，平均孔径增加。

关键词：氢气泡模板法，低反射，多孔材料，太阳能蒸发

Abstract

Ideal ultrablack materials absorb all visible light without reflecting. Therefore, ultrablack materials are widely used in astronomy, detection, stealth and energy fields. Metal materials have excellent low transmittance, so this study intends to construct porous structure and composition adjustment to obtain a new wide-band ultra-black metal materials with low reflection, and combine ultra-black materials with solar evaporation devices.

In this paper, porous nickel-copper thin films were prepared by hydrogen bubble template method, and Ni-Cu binary coatings with different Ni and Cu contents were prepared by different bath formulations. NiCu binary coatings with different nickel-copper contents were prepared by changing the concentration of nickel sulfate, copper sulfate and ammonium sulfate in the bath. All the samples were porous structures composed of porous metal ligaments and microporous. The width of ductile band increases with the decrease of Ni content, the range of pore size distribution increases, and the average pore size increases. In the optical performance test, the reflectivity of the sample with 78 at% Ni content is the lowest among the four samples, and the optical performance is the best. NiCu binary coatings with different nickel and copper contents were prepared by changing the deposition time and optimizing the bath formulation. All samples were porous structures consisting of microporous and porous metal ligaments. With the increase of deposition time, dendrite density increases and size decreases. The ligaments became dense and the average pore size increased.

Key Words:Hydrogen Bubble Template Method, Low Reflection, Porous Materials, Solar Energy Evaporation

目 录

摘要 I

Abstract II

第一章 绪论 1

1.1 超黑材料 1

1.1.1 超黑材料的定义及应用 1

1.1.2 超黑材料的设计思路 1

1.1.3 超黑材料种类及制备方法 2

1.1.4 超黑材料面临的问题 3

1.2 太阳能蒸发 3

1.2.1 太阳能蒸发及其意义 3

1.2.2 高效太阳能蒸发器设计原理 4

1.2.3 高效太阳能蒸发器研究现状 5

1.3 氢气泡模板法 5

1.4 本文研究目的及研究内容 6

1.4.1 研究目的 6

1.4.2 研究内容 6

第二章 实验材料及方法 7

2.1 实验材料与仪器 7

2.1.1 实验材料 7

2.1.2 实验仪器 7

2.2 技术路线 8

2.3 实验方法 9

2.3.1 氢气泡模板法 9

2.3.2 扫描电子显微镜 9

2.3.3 能谱仪 10

2.3.4 紫外可见光分光光度计 10

2.3.5 磁控溅射 11

2.3.6 模拟太阳光光照水蒸发实验 11

第三章 氢气泡模板法制备低反射涂层 13

3.1 配方对涂层的影响 13

3.1.1配方对涂层成分的影响 13

3.1.2配方对涂层形貌的影响 15

3.1.3配方对涂层反射率的影响 16

3.1 沉积时间对涂层的影响 17

3.2.1沉积时间对涂层成分的影响 17

3.2.2沉积时间对涂层形貌的影响 18

3.1.3配方对涂层反射率的影响 19

第四章 太阳能水蒸发器的构建 21

4.1 水蒸发器的构建 21

4.2 太阳能蒸发性能分析 22

第五章 结论 24

致 谢 25

参考文献 26

绪论

1.1 超黑材料

1.1.1 超黑材料的定义及应用

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