南京市能见度在12年间的变化趋势研究

 2022-01-20 00:13:18

论文总字数:16511字

目 录

1 引言·······································································1

2 分析方法·································································1

2.1 累积百分率法····························································1

2.2 Ridit法··································································2

3 结果与分析·······························································2

3.1 能见度年变化特征························································2

3.1.1累积百分率法分析能见度年变化特征···································3

3.1.2 Ridit法分析能见度年变化特征········································4

3.2 能见度季节变化特征······················································5

3.2.1 累积百分率法分析能见度季节变化····································6

3.2.2 Ridit法分析能见度季节变化··········································7

3.3 气象条件对能见度的影响··················································8

3.3.1 风速和风向对能见度的影响··········································8

3.3.2 温度和露点温度对能见度的影响······································9

3.3.3 相对湿度和降水量对能见度的影响···································10

3.3.4 PM10对能见度的影响···············································11

4 结论与讨论······························································12

参考文献···································································13

致谢········································································15

南京市能见度在12年间的变化趋势研究

曹逸凡

,China

Abstract: This article uses the cumulative percentile and Ridit analysis to analyze the trends of the data of visibility and weather conditions in Nanjing from 2001 to 2012. The results indicate that there were fluctuations in 2001 to 2007 and was a slight rise after 2007. In the seasonal variation, trends of visibility were similar and the visibility was the highest in spring and summer and it in autumn was better than that in winter. The trends of visibility declined steadily from 2001 to 2006 and increased slightly after 2006 in autumn and it was volatile changes in winter. In addition, wind speed was proportional to the visibility and relative humidity, rainfall, and PM10 were negatively correlated with visibility. When the wind was southeast and northeast wind, the visibility was lower than that with southwest and northwest wind. The trends of temperature and dew point temperature with visibility deteriorated before the valley point and climbed after the valley point.

Key words: visibility; cumulative percentile; Ridit analysis; trends; air pollution

1 引言

能见度是指一个视力正常的人,在当时的气象条件下,能够以天空为背景看到并辨认出目标物的最大水平距离。在夜间则是指能看到和确认出一定强度灯光的最大水平距离[13]。大气中的污染物和一些气象要素都会对能见度造成影响,因此,能见度是空气质量的指标之一。另外,能见度会直接影响到人们的工作、生活和出行,尤其严重影响人们的出行安全。而人类活动排放的污染物也会影响到能见度,包括汽车尾气排放、工业排放和焚烧等[12,17]。所以,研究一个城市的能见度趋势是十分必要的。

国外大气能见度研究起步较早,于20世纪60年代就开始了。1960年Holzworth等首先提出用累计百分率法进行能见度变化趋势分析[8]。在1979年Craig等引入的Ridit法,其对能见度概率分布不敏感,能弥补累积百分率法依赖低能见度出现频率的缺陷[8]。目前,能见度趋势研究依然是美国空气质量评估的一项主要内容。我国从20世纪80年代开始大气能见度趋势研究,起步比较晚,不过国内很多学者已经对一线二线城市和热点地区进行了研究和分析。这些研究的分析方式以简单统计学分析为主,研究重点都放在人为空气污染对能见度的影响上,不能体现出气象条件和大气污染对能见度的共同作用性。

南京(中心:北纬32°02'38"、东经118°46'43")是江苏省会,地处中国东部长江下游地区,总面积6597平方公里,常住人口818.78万。1981年南京被国家列为全国15个经济中心城市之一,在2014年中国区域中心城市竞争力评估中,南京仅次于深圳广州(不含京沪),并且2015年实现地区生产总值9720.77亿元,列全国第11位。在工业方面,南京是国家重要综合性工业生产基地和先进制造业基地,其电子化工生产能力居全国第二位,车辆制造规模居第三位,在制造业强市排名中居中国第一。南京在近三十年的经济飞速发展过程中,空气污染越来越严重,能见度也趋于恶化。尤其是近12年来,南京市的能见度状况已不容乐观。一般能见度研究会首先将能见度分为5个区间:0~1.9km、2~9.9km、10~19.9km、20~39.9km和>40km,分别为“很差”、“较差”、“一般”、“较好”和“很好”[12]。但是由于南京在2001年到2012年间的能见度数据在“较好”和“很好”两个区间上几乎没有分布,所以这种分级方法并不适用于南京近12年间的能见度变化趋势研究。本文主要采用累积百分率法和Ridit法进行研究分析,总结出南京12年间的能见度按年和按季节的变化趋势,预期未来南京能见度的变化趋势,以期为南京创建绿色文明城市提供科学依据。同时,本文也会研究气象条件和PM10对能见度的影响,研究其相关性。

2 分析方法

2.1累积百分率法

在能见度的观测中,一般实际能见度值要大于或等于观测得到的能见度值。累积百分率法是就某一特定累积百分率所对应的能见度值随着时间的变化,来分析能见度的变化趋势的,所以其非常适用于能见度数值这种常常被低估的观测资料的趋势分析。第i段区间的能见度累积百分率的定义是:某一段或某一年时间内,所有能见度值大于或等于第i段区间的能见度值的次数与这一段时间总的能见度观测次数的比值[14]。其公式为:

(1)

式中,n表示能见度的总观测次数,ni表示在n次观测中共有ni次其能见度值大于或等于vi的值,vi表示第i段的能见度,f(v)表示能见度概率密度函数。ni/n×100%表示第i段能见度的累积百分率。一般将50%选择为累积百分率中值,其对应的值是能见度中值,代表平均能见度水平;10%对应的是能见度高值,其代表较差的能见度水平;90%对应的是能见度低值,其代表较高的能见度水平[13]。在本文中,因为南京近12年间的能见度级数不超过三级,且较为集中,所以依然选取50%作为累积百分率中值,90%作为累积百分率低值,10%作为累积百分率高值。

2.2 Ridit法

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