格式条款规制的问题研究

论文总字数：23034字

摘 要

格式条款在交易实践及合同实践中均具有重要意义，但由于其单方拟订的性质也会产生违反公平、造成合同相对人不利益的情形。我国现行法律体系下，虽然通过《合同法》及其司法解释、《消费者权益保护法》、《保险法》等特别法的规定对格式条款进行了规范，但现有法律规范却存在规则性质不清晰、相互矛盾、体系混乱等问题。现行《合同法》在制定过程中借鉴了两大法系的先进经验，对涉及合同的诸多制度加以完善，其中对格式条款也做出了基本的规范。并对在其之后进行修改的《保险法》、《消费者权益保护法》等法律均产生影响，在各自相应的领域内对格式条款作出了进一步的规定，初步形成了我国对格式条款的规范体系。其中主要涉及提示说明义务、遵循诚信原则、格式条款的解释、非格式条款优先的规则。但在上述规则中存在规则不完善、规则间相互矛盾、法律适用混乱等问题。从比较法来看，国外通过立法、司法及行政的方式规制格式条款具有较早的经验，通过对英国、德国及我国台湾地区对格式条款规制的观察，德国法在格式条款的订入规则、格式条款类型化及效力判断，英国法的事前协商与事后监督的双重规制，台湾法中司法监督等方面均值得我国借鉴学习。我国目前对格式条款的规制采取了多种方式，尽管已经初具规模，仍然存在着诸多缺陷需要进行调整。在设计格式条款的规制模式时，我们应当坚持事前审查与事后审查相结合的模式，即在格式合同订立前应当由行政主管机关依据一定的标准对其进行审批，在合同发生纠纷后由司法机关解决矛盾的双重保障；并且要采取多重手段，对格式条款进行专门性立法、司法机关以法律为准绳对格式条款纠纷进行公平裁决、行政机关利用行政权力管理行政条款，利用舆论监督和行业自律，以立法、行政、司法为核心，三位一体，加上其他手段，共同构建起对格式合同规制的规范体系。

关键词：格式条款 法律规制 规范体系

ABSTRACT

The format clause is of great significance in transaction practice and contract practice, but because of its unilateral nature, it may also lead to violations of fairness and the contractor’s relative interests. Under the current legal system in China, although the format clause has been regulated through the provisions of the Contract Law and its judicial interpretation, the Consumer Protection Law, the Insurance Law, etc., the existing legal norms have a rule nature. Clear, contradictory, systemic and other issues. In the process of formulation, the current "Contract Law" draws on the advanced experience of the two major legal systems, and perfects many systems involving contracts. The format clauses also have basic norms. It also has an impact on the Laws of the Insurance Law and the Consumer Protection Law, which have been amended afterwards. The format clauses have been further stipulated in their respective fields, and the standard system for the format clauses has been initially formed. . It mainly involves prompting the obligation to explain, following the principle of good faith, the interpretation of the format clause, and the rules of the non-format clause. However, in the above rules, there are problems such as imperfect rules, contradictory rules, and confusion of law application. From the perspective of comparative law, foreign countries have earlier experience in regulating the format clauses through legislation, judicial and administrative methods. Through the observation of the regulation of format clauses in the United Kingdom, Germany and Taiwan, the rules of entry for the German law in the format clauses, The type and validity of the format clause, the double regulation of the prior law and the post-supervision of the British law, and the judicial supervision of the Taiwan law are worth learning from. At present, China has adopted various methods for the regulation of format clauses. Although it has begun to take shape, there are still many defects that need to be adjusted. When designing the regulatory mode of the format clause, we should adhere to the combination of ex ante review and post-examination, that is, before the format contract is concluded, it should be examined and approved by the administrative organ according to certain standards. After the dispute arises, the judicial organ To solve the double guarantee of contradiction; and to take multiple measures, to carry out special legislation on the format clause, the judiciary to use the law as the criterion for fair arbitration of disputes on format clauses, the administrative organs to use administrative power to manage administrative clauses, and to use public opinion supervision and industry self-discipline, With the legislative, administrative, and judicial cores as the core, the Trinity and other means have jointly established a normative system for the regulation of format contracts.

Key words: format clause, legal regulation, normative system

目 录

一、问题的提出 1

二、 格式条款规制的体系与不足 2

（一）我国现行法下格式条款的规范体系 2

1.提示说明义务 2

2.遵循诚实信用原则 2

3.格式条款的解释规则 3

4.非格式条款优先 3

（二）规范体系存在的问题 3

三、比较法的经验 6

（一）英国 6

（二）德国 7

（三） 我国台湾地区 8

（四） 总结 9

四、完善规制体系的建议 10

（一）立法层面 10

（二）司法层面 11

（三）行政层面 12

（四）其他方面 13

五、总结 14

参考文献 15

致 谢 17

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