国际经贸规则升级版：美墨加自贸协定

论文总字数：25999字

摘 要

2018年10月美国、加拿大和墨西哥就三方贸易协定达成一致，将北美自由贸易协定（以下简称NAFTA协定）正式更名为美加墨贸易协定（以下简称USMCA协定），分别提交三国国会审议和批准。在国际贸易环境下，对于USMCA协定显示的当前国际投资争议解决机制（以下简称ISDS机制）的演变以及提出的新的规则标准给全球经贸发展带来的冲击不可小觑。

经过对比研究可以看出，USMCA协定在反思NAFTA协定的固有缺陷、转移TPP协定造法目标和思考新时代投资争议解决机制的更新需求的基础上，在ISDS机制设定模式、适用范围、提起仲裁的先决条件以及遗留争议等问题上都做出了升级版的规定。一方面，这些规定的更新体现了USMCA协定强烈的排他性，可能会对未来区域外投资者参与北美投资市场竞争产生阻碍。另一方面，规则的变化将会指导美国今后的投资实践，体现美国与其他国家签订双边投资条约所持的基本立场，并且可能影响未来全球其他双边乃至多边投资规则的发展走向。因此我们必须致力于提高产业竞争能力、运用规则能力和制定新规则的能力，在巩固已有国际友好关系的基础上发展多边合作关系，从而应对USMCA协定带来的挑战。

关键词： 美墨加自贸协定 争议解决机制 国际经贸规则

ABSTRACT

In October 2018, the United States, Canada and Mexico reached an agreement and officially renamed the North American free trade agreement (NAFTA) as the United States–Mexico-Canada trade agreement (USMCA), which was submitted to the congress of the three countries for review and approval respectively. In the international trade environment, the impact of the current evolution of international investment dispute resolution rules (ISDS) and the proposed new standards on the global trade development brought by the USMCA agreement should not be underestimated.

Through contrast research, USMCA made the upgrade version of the rules, including the mechanism of ISDS setting mode, scope of application, the precondition of arbitration and legacy investment disputes, on the basis of the reflections on the inherent defect of NAFTA, transference of the TPP negotiation goals and deep considerations of the update requirements of ISDS, on the basis of the inherent defects of NAFTA. On the one hand, the renewal of these regulations reflects the strong exclusivity of USMCA and may hinder the participation of investors outside the region during the competition in the north-American investment market in the future. On the other hand, the change of rules will provide guidance for the future investment practice of the United States, reflect the basic position which will be held by United States while signing bilateral investment treaties with other countries, and may affect the development trend of other bilateral and even multilateral investment rules in the future. We must therefore address the challenges posed by the USMCA by enhancing our ability to compete, apply rules and create new rules, and develop multilateral partnerships that build on existing international friendships.

Key Words： United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, dispute resolution, International trade rules

目 录

摘要 Ⅰ

ABSTRACT Ⅱ

一、美墨加自贸协定投资争议解决条款概述 1

二、美墨加自贸协定投资争议解决条款的比较分析 2

（一）参照系的选取2

（二）投资争议解决条款异同之比较2

1、ISDS条款的设定模式 3

2、投资争议解决条款的适用范围 4

3、发起投资争议解决的先决条件 5

4、投资争议解决条款的遗留争议 8

（三）投资争议解决条款异同之原因 9

1、NAFTA协定项下ISDS机制的固有缺陷 9

2、TPP协定项下造法目标的转移实现 10

3、ISDS机制更新的内在驱动 10

三、美墨加自贸协定的定位、作用及应对方案 11

（一）美墨加自贸协定的定位 11

1、排他性区域协定 11

2、辐射型贸易协定 11

（二）美墨加自贸协定的应对方案 12

1、提高国内产业竞争实力，制定更适合各国合作发展的经贸规则 13

2、以“一带一路”为主线，广泛开展友好合作，巩固与贸易伙伴的友好合作关系 13

3、积极捍卫WTO规则下的多边贸易体制 14

结论 14

参考文献 15

致谢 17

一、美墨加自贸协定投资争议解决条款概述

特朗普政府与加拿大和墨西哥两国于2018年10月结束了《北美自由贸易协定》（North American Free Trade Agreement，以下简称NAFTA协定）的重新谈判。在撰写此文时，该协定仍需得到成员国政府的批准，但几乎可以肯定的是，三国间名为“美墨加自贸协定”（United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement，以下简称USMCA协定）的新协议将生效。

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