论文总字数：21543字

摘 要

长期以来，出租车份子钱因其征收额度高、收取方式僵化，又因为牵涉主体众多，而成为矛盾焦点。网络预约出租车的合法化给传统出租车份子钱制度形成了冲击、同时也带来变革的动力。高额份子钱让各方矛头指向出租车行业特许经营制度，理论界围绕出租车行政许可模式展开了激烈的争论。本文从该争论出发，探讨传统出租车特许经营作为份子钱制度逻辑起点的合法性，分析份子钱某种意义上作为出租车企业自主经营范畴的法理依据。其次，梳理份子钱征收在实践中存在的法律依据低位阶、司企风险不匹配、征收方式不透明、经营权几重定价导致司机负担过重的乱象，并剖析深层原因，指出市场缺乏充分竞争和现行政府介入治理的尺度存在误区。再次，以网约车兴起为背景，讨论其从许可层面与传统出租车的差别，进而提出抽成制度及网约车经营服务平台的功能定位对份子钱未来征收的启示。最后，本文以网约车与传统出租车分开监管为前提，提出份子钱征收的应有规则和未来发展趋势。

关键词：份子钱 特许经营 出租车行业 政府监管

ABSTRACT

For a long time, Fenziqian has become the focus of controversy because of the high cost, the rigid collection methods, and the complicated interest disputes between various subjects involved in this issue. The legalization of online taxi-hailing service has had an impact on the traditional Fenziqian system, but also created incentives for reform. However, many drivers and passengers blame the franchise system when referring to the dilemma of taxi industry. Meanwhile, the scholars have a heated discussion on the necessity and legality of the establishment of franchise system in traditional taxi industry. In this paper, I firstly discuss the opinion that the franchise system is the starting point of Fenziqian , giving the charging behavior reasonableness. Secondly, I point out that the disorder of excessive burden comes from the lack of legal basis, the unfairness of sharing between the drivers and corporations, the opaque levy method, and the muti-pricing of operating rights. Also, I analyze the underlying reasons behind the problems, making it clear that the lack of market competition and the incorrect intervention are to blame. Thirdly, based on the rise of online taxi-hailing service, this paper discusses the difference between the two ways of service at the licensing level. In addition, I point out the significance of revenue distribution system and the unique role of platform company in the online taxi industry. Finally, I conclude that we need to work out the appropriate remedies to solve all the dilemma and trouble above.

Key words: Fenziqian, Franchise System, Taxi industry, Government Regulation

目 录

摘要……………………………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ

1. 出租车行业运营模式的制度流变及现状………………………………………………1
2. 出租车行业运营模式现状……………………………………………………………1
3. 特许经营权取得制度的历史变革……………………………………………………1
4. 份子钱征收现状………………………………………………………………………2
5. 特许经营视角下的份子钱法理依据剖析………………………………………………3
6. 政府授权视域：作为特许经营权让渡的管理费用…………………………………3
7. 企业经营视域：作为自主经营的合理范畴…………………………………………5
8. 企业与司机视域：作为提供服务与风险分担的费用………………………………6
9. 实践检视：份子钱征收乱象……………………………………………………………7
10. 对外影响：基于乘客出行及政府管制效果…………………………………………7
11. 权利运行视角：基于经营权的取得和后续发展……………………………………8
12. 制度出路：现有监管模式及份子钱征收的调整和补充………………………………9
13. 建立完善的特许经营权转让与退出机制……………………………………………9
14. 在科技背景下改造出租车公司的任务功能…………………………………………10
15. 份子钱征收信息公开…………………………………………………………………10
16. 转变监管思路，放开主体和数量限制………………………………………………10
17. 网约车兴起对份子钱征收制度的启示…………………………………………………11
18. 网约车运营管理模式法理分析………………………………………………………11
19. 基于许可属性的企业、司机关系架构………………………………………………12
20. 结语暨份子钱制度模式构建……………………………………………………………12
21. 网约车管理经验借鉴…………………………………………………………………12
22. 份子钱收取模式重构…………………………………………………………………13

参考文献………………………………………………………………………………………14

致谢……………………………………………………………………………………………15

出租车“份子钱”的制度流变与法治出路

长期以来，在相对固定的行业监管经营模式下，份子钱被经营者作为风险转嫁的一种方式强加给司机，高额的费用不仅导致了司机沉重的负担，更是以价格服务等形式外化，给乘客造成了困扰。随着网络预约出租车的出现，传统出租车行业监管面临重大挑战。于是，急需在行政法视角下，对份子钱的制度流变进行梳理，对份子钱制度进行合法性、合理性的剖析，厘清牵涉主体之间的法律关系和矛盾根源，总结具有实践价值的份子钱未来变革方向，促进法治交通建设。

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