土地经营权入典研究

论文总字数：25575字

摘 要

本文主旨是探讨在我国农地“三权分置”制度下，《民法典》物权编对土地经营权的立法设置以及如何完善的问题。全文以《民法典》物权编草案设计的农地“三权分置”权利结构为基本框架，在我国农地“三权分置”制度下，对土地承包经营权的权利体系进行了进一步构建，对土地承包经营权与土地承包权的关系进行分析；并在这前两者的基础上，讨论在《民法典》物权编草案对土地经营权的立法设置下，提出了关于土地经营权的完善建议。

全文共分五章：第一章，探讨我国《民法典》物权编草案是否设计了农地“三权分置”的权利结构，又引申出现行法上的土地承包经营权是否能够分解抑或是保留等问题，为探究“三权”中各种权利的具体所指和土地经营权性质提供理论框架。

第二章，从我国农地制度的几次变化展开,对旧有的农地的所有权归属和农地的经营模式的主体变化进行分析，点明农地的所有权始终归属于农民集体，并阐释农地的经营模式由“农户自主经营”变为“农户自主用益，实行规模化经营”的理论基础。

第三章，在前两章讨论的基础上，科学界定“三权”的内涵、权利边界及相互关系，具体研究土地承包经营权应否分解成土地承包权，抑或保留土地承包经营权以及厘清土地承包权与土地承包经营权之间究竟是何关系等一系列问题。

第四章，通过研读各位老师的著作以及对比新旧法条对土地经营权的性质进行探究，并以《民法典（草案）》一审稿第129条、第130条、第131条以及第209条等法律条文为切入点发现草案一审稿关于土地经营权立法设置的不足之处。

第五章，针对《民法典》草案一审稿关于土地经营权的规范设计的缺陷提出相应的完善方法，由此达到与修改后的《农村土地承包法》相契合的效果，和稳步推进农地“三权分置”制度的贯彻落实以及构建科学的农地制度体系的目的。同时，将《民法典》草案二审稿与一审稿逐条进行对比，从中发现与土地经营权相关的内容的变化，由此分析二审稿的创新之处，理解二审稿对土地经营权进行立法设计的法律逻辑，明确《民法典》物权编的立法走向。

关键词：民法典物权编 三权分置 土地承包经营权 土地经营权

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this paper is to explore the legislative provisions and how to improve the land management rights of the civil law in the civil rights "three rights separation" system. The full text is based on the rights structure of agricultural land “three rights division”designed in the Civil Code. The rights system of land contractual management rights under the “three rights division” system of agricultural land is further constructed, and land contracting The relationship between management rights and land contracting rights is analyzed. On the basis of the former two, the suggestions on the improvement of land management rights under the legislative provisions on the land management rights in the draft of the Civil Code are discussed.

The whole pasage is divided into five chapters: The first chapter, discusses whether the property rights compilation of the Civil Code has designed the right structure of the “three powers separation” of agricultural land, and cited the question of whether the land contractual management right can be decomposed or retained. The specific reference to many kinds of rights and the nature of land management rights provides a theoretical framework.

The second chapter, from the several changes of China's agricultural land system, analyzes the ownership of the old farmland and the main changes of the farmland's business model, and points out that the ownership of the farmland always belongs. In the peasant collective, and explain the business model of agricultural land from the "autonomous operation of farmers" to the "agricultural households use their own benefits, the implementation of large-scale management" theoretical basis.

The third chapter, on the basis of the discussion in the first two chapters, scientifically defines the connotation, rights boundaries and mutual relations of the "three powers", specifically studies whether the land contractual management rights should be decomposed into land contracting rights, or retains the land contractual management rights and clarifies A series of problems, such as the relationship between land contracting rights and land contractual management rights.

The fourth chapter explores the nature of land management rights by studying the works of teachers and comparing the old and new laws, what’s more, taking the legal provisions of Articles 129, 130, 131 and 209 of the first draft of the Civil Code (Draft) as the entry point, the first draft of the draft is found to be insufficient for the legislative setting of land management rights.

The fifth chapter puts forward corresponding improvement methods for the defects of the draft design of the civil property rights in the first review draft of Civil Code, so as to achieve the effect of the revised Rural Land Contract Law, and steadily promote the agricultural land. The implementation of the system of“distribution of powers”and the purpose of constructing a scientific agricultural land system.At the same time, the second draft of the Civil Code is compared with the first review draft, and the changes related to the land management rights are found out. This paper analyzes the innovation of the second review draft, understands the legal logic of the legislative design of the land review right in the second review draft, and clarifies the legislative trend of the property right compilation in the Civil Code.

Key words:Civil code, property rights, three powers, land contract management rights, land management rights

目 录

摘 要 Ⅰ

ABSTRACT Ⅱ

一、 研究土地经营权入典问题的缘由 1

二、 我国农地制度变迁背景 2

（一）农地的所有权和经营模式变革之一 2

（二）农地的所有权和经营模式变革之二 3

（三）农地的经营模式的后续两次改革 3

三、 土地承包经营权的取舍 3

（一）土地承包经营权的“归宿” 4

（二）土地承包经营权与土地承包权的关联 5

四、 土地经营权的制度设计 6

（一）土地经营权的性质 6

（二）草案对土地经营权的立法设置 7

五、 《民法典》物权编之土地经营权的立法建议 9

（一）一审稿之土地经营权的完善建议 10

1、关于一审稿第129条的完善建议 10

2、关于一审稿第130条的完善建议 11

3、关于一审稿第131条的完善建议 11

4、关于一审稿第209条的完善建议 12

（二）二审稿对土地经营权的立法设计 12

六、 参考文献 15

七、 致谢词 16

2. 研究土地经营权入典问题的缘由

在我国立法者制定《物权法》之初时，法条中只明确的提到了农村土地承包经营权，当时并没有提出农地“三权分置”这一新型制度，就更不用说引入新型权利——土地经营权。中国地大物博，农村土地若仅局限于让农民耕地来发展农业，其农业生产水平的发展脚步将是缓慢的，为了让农村经济踏上社会主义的道路，就需要逐步地去落实农民自主用益，在振兴乡村的同时逐渐地减少农业人口，并逐步地推进农地的集中经营。任何一部法律的正式施行，都不应该只是着眼于立法方面的政治因素，法律的体系化与科学化同样应该被纳入思考的范围，《民法典》作为调整日常生活中复杂多变的民事法律关系的一部法律更应该是这样。农地“三权分置”这一新型的土地制度相较于其他农地法律体系的创新之处便是增加了“土地经营权”这一新型权利类型，虽然已经有法律文件对土地经营权进行了定义，但是各项法律文件中还是没有对它进行明确的定性。在全面依法治国和实行乡村振兴战略的大背景下，《民法总则》第五十五条在对农村承包经营户下定义的时候，草案的一审稿在对土地权利进行设计、编纂的时候，一审稿中第一百二十八条、一百二十九条还有一百三十条这几条在行文时仍然沿用了“土地承包经营权”这一概念，而没有纳入新概念——“土地承包权”，不仅有助于节约农地制度改革的成本，而且有利于维护农民在农地上享有的基本权益，同时，还极大地保护了农民对我国农村土地制度的信赖并加强了农民对国家法治的信任。

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