论文总字数：38141字

摘 要

近年来污泥减量生物技术因减量效率高、能耗低、无二次污染等特点已日益受到关注。噬菌型细菌广泛存在于自然界之中，同时对宿主细胞有高效的裂解能力，已有前期研究表明其在提高污泥脱水减量与可生化性上具有巨大应用潜力，但使用于污水处理厂中未有相关报道。与微生物菌液相比，微生物冻干粉保存成本低，因此利于运输、保存、使用与存活率控制。噬菌型细菌固态菌剂的制备与优化是实现污泥生物脱水减量技术大规模应用的基础。

本文使用噬菌型细菌菌液在污水处理厂进行现场试验，探究污泥生物破壁污泥减量效果；同时研究了真空冷冻干燥的工艺，对比筛选噬菌型细菌冻干保护剂及不同种保护剂配方，最终生产出较高存活率的噬菌型细菌冻干菌粉，初步探究噬菌型细菌冻干粉直接作用于污泥的影响情况。

研究结果表明：在现场试验小试规模投加噬菌型细菌改善污泥脱水性能明显，最佳反应时间在24h处，此时污泥减量效果与脱水性能明显提高，污泥细胞溶解率达到30%以上，可有效节约后续处理费用、能耗费用及交通运输费用。

以15％蔗糖溶液保护剂时，噬菌型细菌冻干粉存活率最高。最佳保护剂配方为15％蔗糖、10%脱脂奶粉。在冷冻温度和气压一定的情况下，冻干厚度为0.5cm的样品，冻干12h得到含水量为4.6％，存活率达84.7％的冻干粉。将最终制得的噬菌型细菌菌粉采用培养基活化后，作用于污泥最佳反应时间也在24h处，污泥毛细吸水时间降低15.5%。

关键词：污泥减量；噬菌型细菌；冷冻干燥技术；微生物菌剂

Abstract

Biologic sludge reduction technology is a method of low cost, high efficiency and pollution free, which has been got a great attention now. The predatory bacteria, which is ubiquitous in nature and shows non-specific attack to host bacteria, can destroy cell wall and cause an inevitable destruction on the composition and function of sludge flocs. Therefore, it is rather promising to apply predatory microbes in the improvement of sludge dewatering, and reduction efficiency, and its biodegradability; but there are less related reports on the predatory bacteria used in sewage treatment plants. Making the liquid predatory bacteria solution into mealy microbial agent by Freeze-drying technique, which can be transported expediently and stored chronically, is the problem needing to overcome for the promotion of microbial agent technology in sludge dewatering.

This paper aims to using the predatory bacteria in the sewage treatment plant, in order to explore the actual effect of sludge biological reduction; at the same time the Freeze-drying technique, optimized and selected compound protectant for freeze-drying predatory bacteria, prepared high activated freeze-dried bacteria powder were investigated. The degradation of freeze-dried bacteria powder directly on the sludge was preliminarily researched.

Results indicate that in pilot scale experiment, the sludge dewatering performance can significantly improve with the predatory bacteria. In the 24h action time, the biolysis pretreatment on sludge dewatering and reduction is respectively; the sludge cell dissolution rate was over 30%, which can save the follow-up costs, energy costs and transportation costs.

The optimum protectant is 15% Sucrose and the optimum compounding of protectant is 15% Sucrose and 10% Skim Milk. Under the fixed condition of drying temperature and vacuum degree, water content of thalli cells was decreased by 4.56% after 12h drying time, survival ratio is 84.7%. The prepared freeze-drying predatory bacteria was active by common culture medium before adding to sludge. In the 24h action time, the Capillary suction time(CST) of the treated sludge was 15.45% lower than the control sludge without bacteria addition.

KEY WORDS: sludge reduction, predatory bacteria, Freeze-drying technique, mealy microbial agent

目 录

摘 要 I

Abstract II

第一章 绪 论 1

1.1 污泥问题概述 1

1.1.1 污泥处理处置现状 1

1.1.2 污泥脱水减量技术 1

1.2 噬菌型细菌概述 2

1.2.1 噬菌型细菌生理生化特性 2

1.2.2 噬菌型细菌的应用 3

1.3 微生物菌剂的特点及分类 3

1.4 真空冷冻干燥技术概述 3

1.4.1 真空冷冻干燥细菌的研究现状 4

1.4.2 真空冷冻干燥细菌的问题 4

1.4.3 真空冷冻干燥技术的特征 4

1.4.4 真空冷冻干燥的三阶段 4

1.4.5 真空冷冻干燥保护剂 5

1.5 研究意义及主要内容 6

1.5.1 研究意义及目的 6

1.5.2 主要研究内容 6

1.5.3 研究技术路线 7

第二章 噬菌型细菌现场试验效果探究 8

2.1 材料 8

2.1.1 样品来源 8

2.1.2 主要仪器及试剂 8

2.2 试验方法 10

2.2.1 细菌培养过程 10

2.2.2 现场试验装置 10

2.2.3 现场试验方法 10

2.2.4 毛细吸水时间(CST)测定方法 10

2.2.5 其他常规指标测定方法 10

2.3 试验结果与讨论 11

2.3.1 污泥毛细吸水时间 11

2.3.2 MLSS及MLVSS 11

2.3.3 污泥滤液SCOD 12

2.3.4 污泥滤液TP及TN 12

2.3.5 污泥泥饼含水率 13

2.4 本章小结 14

第三章 噬菌型细菌冷冻干燥技术探究 15

3.1 材料 15

3.1.1 样品来源 15

3.1.2 主要仪器及试剂 15

3.2 试验方法 17

3.2.1 细菌培养过程 17

3.2.2 冷冻干燥工艺研究 17

3.2.3 冻干保护剂的筛选及复配 17

3.2.4 活菌数测定方法 17

3.2.5 冻干菌粉含水率的测定 18

3.3 试验结果与讨论 18

3.3.1 噬菌型细菌冻干粉冷冻干燥工艺的探究 18

3.3.2 不同浓度的甘油对噬菌型细菌冻干存活率的影响 19

3.3.3 不同浓度的蔗糖对噬菌型细菌冻干存活率的影响 19

3.3.4 不同浓度的脱脂奶粉对噬菌型细菌冻干存活率的影响 20

3.3.5 不同浓度的明胶对噬菌型细菌冻干存活率的影响 21

3.3.6 不同种类保护剂的复配 22

3.4 本章小结 23

第四章 噬菌型细菌冻干粉处理污泥效果探究 25

4.1 材料 25

4.1.1 样品来源 25

4.1.2 主要仪器及试剂 25

4.2 试验方法 27

4.2.1 细菌培养过程 27

4.2.2 冻干粉制备过程 27

4.2.3 小试方法 27

4.2.4 毛细吸水时间(CST)测定方法 28

4.3 试验结果与讨论 28

4.4 冻干噬菌型细菌冻干粉的制备及使用成本分析 29

4.4.1 冻干粉制备成本分析 29

4.4.2 噬菌型细菌冻干粉使用成本分析 29

4.5 本章小结 30

第五章 结论与展望 31

5.1 结论 31

5.2 展望 31

参考文献 32

致谢 35

附录 36

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