论文总字数:28344字
摘 要
近年来随着全球石油需求的逐年增长以及传统原油资源的日益枯竭,非常规原油在石化产业中所占比例越来越高。而非常规石油中镍钒等重金属含量高,这将对石油加工造成极大的危害。此外,镍钒等重金属在原油中的存在形式十分复杂。因此如何脱除原油中的镍钒已成为石油领域研究的热点和难点。目前工业上脱镍钒的工艺复杂且操作费用高昂,故开发出一种经济环保的新型脱金属螯合试剂将大大降低石油炼制成本。
本文通过羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)与二硫化碳(CS2)在碱性环境下的酯化反应制得了一种新型脱金属剂(DTC-CMC),使用红外光谱、扫描电镜等手段对其进行表征和分析。最后探究了合成条件、电脱盐工艺对该脱除剂脱除阿曼-巴士拉原油中镍钒效果的影响。
其中当脱除剂加入量1000ppm,原油注水量为7%,破乳剂加入量10μg/g,130℃下脱除反应40min,沉降时间30min,弱电场强度400V/cm和强电场强度1000V/cm各作用15min时,使用碱化和酯化时间均为90min,CMC与CS2的摩尔比为1:2条件下制得的脱除剂,可使原油中镍、钒的脱除率分别达到28.9%和35.4%。
关键词:原油,镍,钒,脱金属剂,羧甲基纤维素钠,电脱盐
RESEARCH OF THE DEMETALIZATION AGENT ON REMOVAL OF NICKEL AND VANADIUM IN CRUDE OIL
Abstract
In recent years, the proportion of the unconventional crude oil in the petrochemical industry has greatly increased with the increasing of global oil demand and the depletion of the conventional crude oil. The unconventional crude oil has relatively high content of heavy metals, such as nickel and vanadium, which could do considerable harm to the petroleum processing. Moreover, nickel and vanadium are present in crude oil in a very complex form. Thus, the study on removal of nickel and vanadium from crude oil has become a popular and difficult point in the field of petroleum. Currently the industrial process of removing nickel and vanadium is complicated and costly. Therefore, the cost of petroleum processing could be largely reduced by developing a new economic and environmentally-friendly chelating demetallization agent.
The new demetallization agent (DTC-CMC) was obtained by the esterification reaction between sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and carbon disulfide (CS2) in an alkaline environment and it was characterized and analyzed by some professional equipment and methods such as Infrared (IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Finally,the effects of synthesis conditions and electric desalination processes on the removal efficiencies of nickel and vanadium from Oman-Basra crude oil were studied in details.
It was found that the best demetallization condition was that the amount of demetallization agent was 1000ppm, water injection rate in crude oil was 7%, the dose of demulsifier was 10μg/g, removal reaction time was 40min at the temperature of 130℃, sedimentation time was 30min, the weak electric field strength was 400V/cm,strong electric field strength was 1000V/cm and reacting time was 15 min. The best synthesis condition of DTC-CMC was that alkalized and esterification time was each of 90min and molar ratio between CMC and CS2 was 1:2. In these conditions, the removal efficiencies of nickel and vanadium from crude oil could reach 28.9% and 35.4%, respectively.
Keywords: Crude oil, Nickel, Vanadium, Demetallization agent, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, Electric desalting
目 录
摘 要 I
Abstract II
第一章 绪 论 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 石油中镍钒的形态及对生产的影响 1
1.2.1 石油中镍、钒的形态 1
1.2.2 原油中金属卟啉的性质 3
1.2.3 镍和钒等重金属的危害 4
1.3 原油中有害金属脱除方法 4
1.3.1 加氢脱金属法 5
1.3.2 溶剂抽提法 5
1.3.3 组合工艺 5
1.3.4 化学法 6
1.3.5 电化学法 6
1.3.6 金属钝化法 6
1.3.7 螯合分离法 6
1.4 电脱盐工艺简介 7
1.4.1 电脱盐的必要性 7
1.4.2 电脱盐原理 7
第二章 脱金属剂的合成与表征 9
2.1 引言 9
2.2 实验部分 9
2.2.1 主要仪器和试剂 9
2.2.2 羧甲基纤维素钠的改性 10
2.2.3 表征手段 10
2.3 结果与讨论 11
2.3.1 红外光谱(FT-IR) 11
2.3.2 扫描电镜(SEM) 12
2.4 小结 13
第三章 脱金属剂脱金属效能研究 14
3.1 引言 14
3.2 镍钒含量的测定 14
3.2.1 主要试剂和仪器 14
3.2.2 测定镍钒含量的方法 15
3.3 脱金属率测试方法 15
3.3.1 主要仪器 15
3.3.2 脱除剂的脱金属率测定方法 15
3.4 结果与讨论 15
3.4.1 脱除剂合成条件评选 16
3.4.2 电脱盐工艺优化 18
3.5 小结 20
第四章 结论与展望 21
4.1 结论 21
4.1.1 脱除剂的合成与表征 21
4.1.2 脱除剂脱镍、钒效果 21
4.2 展望 22
致 谢 23
参考文献 24
第一章 绪 论
1.1 研究背景
2000~2013年间,我国对于石油的需求量大约以每年6.5%的速度增长,远远领先于世界平均水平(年均增长1.2%左右)。然而到2014年,我国的原油需求量开始迈入慢速增长时期,表观消费量为53000万吨,同比2013年仅增长3.4%。但其中一个最大的特点是我国原油对外依存度首次突破60%,达60.4%,而2013年该数字还在59.3%。此外,我国对于不同类别成品油的需求增速差别较大,2014年汽油的表观消费量同比增长为12.6%,达到10562万吨;煤油的表观消费量同比增长为3.8%,达到2360.8万吨;而柴油的表观消费量虽然达到17275.5万吨,但同比仅增长1.81%。从石油进口地区来看,2014年我国从美洲进口原油同比增长18.6%,美洲地区也因此成为我国原油进口新的增长点[1]。
近年来随着全球石油消费量不断增长以及常规原油资源的日渐枯竭,使得常规原油的生产出现供不应求的局面,人们开始将目光瞄准那些加工处理较难但储量相对较多的非常规原油。非常规石油大多呈集中分布状态且储量相对丰富,随着人们对非常规石油开采和加工技术的逐步成熟以及能源危机的加剧,国际原油市场将出现越来越多的非常规石油。随着近年来大国博弈和地区动荡的发生,国际油价一直处于波动状态,但是一些非常规原油,如重质、超重质、劣质等原油的价格相对稳定在低位,对非常规原油的加工有巨大的利润优势,因此生产处理重油、超重油的技术越来越受到重视[2]。
剩余内容已隐藏,请支付后下载全文,论文总字数:28344字
该课题毕业论文、开题报告、外文翻译、程序设计、图纸设计等资料可联系客服协助查找;