论文总字数：107195字

摘 要

Abstract II

第一章 Introduction 5

1.1 Problem Statement 5

1.2 SIDS Goals 6

1.3 Project scope 8

1. Literature Review 9

2.1 The Conradition 9

2.2 Econonomic developments on SIDS and their long-term perservation 10

2.2.1 the Barbados Programme of Action (BPOA) 11

2.2.2 Size is not destiny ………………………………………………………………..11

2.2.3 Size, ‘islandness’ and complexity 12

2.3 Pacific Regional Audit Intiative (PRAI) ………………………………………………..13

2.4 Pacific Central Bank Financial Inclusion Working Group ………………………………14

2.5 Pacific Islands Regional Inciative (PIRI) 16

第三章 Climate Change, enviorment awareness and its impact on SIDS economically 17

3.1 Vulnerability 18

3.2 Vulnerability index 20

第四章 Case Study: The ripple Effect- Fiji, Denarau island 21

4.1 Tourism In Fiji 24

4.2 Denarau ……………………………………………………………………………25

4.3 Cost of Past Floods 32

第五章 Pacific Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster management Regional framework for action 37

5.1 Concrete Actions taken ……………………………………………………40

第六章 Trade: Globalization and Trade Liberalization 42

6.1 Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement (PICTA) 43

6.2 Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations (PACER) plus negotiations

6.3 Multilateral Trade Negotiations

6.4 European Union and Pacific SIDS Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs)

第7章 Conclusion 44

致 谢 45

参考文献 46

绪论

1.1 Problem Statement

Development initiatives in small island developing States should be seen in relation to both the needs and aspirations of human beings and their responsibility towards present and future generations. Small island developing States have valuable resources, including oceans, coastal environments, biodiversity and, most importantly, human resources. Their potential is recognized, but the challenge for small island developing States is to ensure that they are used in a sustainable way for the well-being of present and future generations. Although they are afflicted by economic difficulties and confronted by development imperatives similar to those of developing countries generally, small island developing States also have their own peculiar vulnerabilities and characteristics, so that the difficulties they face in the pursuit of sustainable development are particularly severe and complex.

There are many disadvantages that derive from small size, which are magnified by the fact that many island States are not only small but are themselves made up of a number of small islands. Those disadvantages include a narrow range of resources, which forces undue specialization; excessive dependence on international trade and hence vulnerability to global developments; high population density, which increases the pressure on already limited resources; overuse of resources and premature depletion; relatively small watersheds and threatened supplies of fresh water; costly public administration and infrastructure, including transportation and communication; and limited institutional capacities and domestic markets, which are too small to provide significant scale economies, while their limited export volumes, sometimes from remote locations, lead to high freight costs and reduced competitiveness. Small islands tend to have high degrees of endemism and levels of biodiversity, but the relatively small numbers of the various species impose high risks of extinction and create a need for protection. The small size of Small Island developing States means that development and environment are closely interrelated and interdependent. Recent human history contains examples of entire islands rendered uninhabitable through environmental destruction owing to external causes; small island developing States are fully aware that the environmental consequences of ill-conceived development can have catastrophic effects. Unsustainable development threatens not only the livelihood of people but also the islands themselves and the cultures they nurture. Climate change, climate variability and sealevel rise are issues of grave concern. Similarly, the biological resources on which small island developing States depend are threatened by the large-scale exploitation of marine and terrestrial living resources. Many small island developing States are entirely or predominantly coastal entities. Due to the small size, isolation and fragility of island ecosystems, their renowned biological diversity is among the most threatened in the world. This requires that in pursuing development special attention be paid to protecting the environment and people's livelihoods. It also requires the integrated management of resources. In some small island developing States, the rate of population growth exceeds the rate of economic growth, placing serious and increasing pressure on the capacity of those countries to provide basic services to their people and placing a heavy burden on women in particular as heads of households. Although their population density may be high, many small island developing States have small populations in absolute terms, insufficient to generate economies of scale in several areas, and they therefore have limited scope for the full utilization of certain types of highly specialized expertise. They experience high levels of migration, particularly of skilled human resources, which not only places an undue burden on training facilities but also forces them to import high-cost foreign expertise. The lack of opportunities for achieving economies of scale, together with their narrow resource base, tends to limit the total production of small island developing States to a narrow range of crops, minerals and industries, both manufacturing and services. Any adverse development concerning those productive sectors, whether arising from market factors, natural or environmental constraints, is likely to lead to significant reductions in output, a fall in foreign-exchange earnings and increased unemployment. Partly because of their small size and partly because of their vulnerability to natural and environmental disasters, most small island developing States are classified as high-risk entities, which has led to insurance and reinsurance being either unavailable or exorbitantly expensive, with adverse consequences for investment, production costs, government finances and infrastructure. Because the per capita income of many small island developing States tends to be higher than that of developing countries as a group, they tend to have limited access to concessionary resources. However, analysis of the economic performance of small island developing States suggests that current incomes are often facilitated by migrant remittances, preferential market access for some major exports and assistance from the international community, sources which are neither endogenous nor secure. Furthermore, those incomes have generally been unstable over time: natural and man-made disasters, difficulties in the international market for particular commodities and recession in some developed economies often reduce incomes in small island developing States dramatically, sometimes by as much as 20 to 30 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) in a single year. Because small island development options are limited, they present special challenges to planning for and implementing sustainable development.

1.2 Small Islands developing states (SIDS) Goals

剩余内容已隐藏，请支付后下载全文，论文总字数：107195字