论文总字数：26145字

摘 要

贫困是一个全球性的问题，即使是发达国家也会面临贫困这一难题，因此消除贫困一直是人类不断追求的目标。在我国，人们之间的贫富差距越来越大，尤其是城市与农村之间的差距，因此改善农民的生活水平，减小城乡差距是很有必要的。小额信贷常被视为可以有效改善穷人状况的一种扶贫金融工具，其在中国也有了二十多年的发展和实践。虽然很多研究表明小额信贷对农民收入的增加有重要影响，但仍有一些研究对其有效性产生了质疑。本文基于2012~2015年的统计数据，运用面板数据分析小额信贷的减贫效应。分别采用混合普通最小二乘法模型、固定效应模型这两种模型来估计贫困与小额信贷之间的关系。结果表明，在固定效应模型下，农村小额信贷与农村贫困程度之间确实存在着显著的负相关关系，说明小额信贷可以减缓贫困，但OLS回归的结果，却表明这种关系不明显。其次，农村小额信贷对于贫困发生率、贫困深度和贫困强度这三者的作用强度依次递减，说明农村小额信贷对于缩小贫困人口收入与贫困线差距，以及对于减少贫困人口之间收入差距的作用仍有待提高。籍此分析，本文认为小额信贷在我国农村的应用仍然处于探索阶段，在精准扶贫这一方面还有待加强，政府以及各个金融机构仍应继续推进小额信贷的发展，特别是需要通过提供更为综合和完善的服务，比如完善客户评级、增加政府与企业协同合作等等，使其能够达到更好的发展，发挥更大的作用。

关键词：农村小额信贷，减贫，FGT指数

Abstract

Poverty is a global issue. Even the most developed countries face the challenge of poverty. Thus, poverty alleviation has always been the goal pursued by mankind. The gap between the rich and the poor is getting bigger and bigger in China, especially the gap between urban and rural areas. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the living standards of farmers and narrow the income gap between urban and rural residents. Microfinance is often regarded as an effective financial instrument in reducing poverty which can improve the status of the poor. And microfinance has been developing and practicing in China for more than 20 years. Although many studies have shown that microfinance has a significant impact on farmers' income, there are still some studies that cast doubts on the effectiveness of microfinance. Based on the statistical data from 2012 to 2015, this paper uses panel data to analyze the poverty reduction effect of microfinance. The mixed ordinary least squares model and fixed effect model were used to estimate the relationship between poverty and microfinance. The results show that under the fixed effect model, there is indeed a significant negative correlation between rural microfinance and rural poverty, indicating that microfinance can reduce poverty, but this relationship is not significant when OLS. Second, the role of rural microcredit in reducing the incidence of poverty, the depth of poverty and the intensity of poverty are weakening in turn , indicating that the role of rural microfinance in narrowing the income gap between poverty and poverty, and reducing the income gap between the poor still needs to be improved. Based on this analysis, this paper considers that the application of microcredit in rural areas in China is still at an exploratory stage. The precise poverty alleviation needs to be strengthened. The government and various financial institutions should continue to promote the development of microfinance, especially through the provision of more comprehensive and perfect services, such as improving customer ratings, increasing cooperation between government and enterprises, etc., to enable them to achieve better development and play a greater role.

KEY WORDS: rural microfinance, poverty alleviation, FGT index

目录

摘要 I

Abstract II

第一章 导论 2

1.1 问题的提出 2

1.2 研究对象的界定和研究目标 2

1.3 文献综述 2

1.4 研究思路、方法和内容结构 4

第二章 农村小额信贷与农村减贫的一般分析 6

2.1 农村小额信贷及其基本特征 6

2.2 国内外减贫模式 7

2.3 农村小额信贷与农村减贫的理论分析 8

2.4 农村小额信贷支持减贫的成本与风险 10

第三章 我国农村贫困状况及农村小额信贷现状考察 12

3.1 我国农村贫困状况 12

3.2 我国农村小额信贷的发展及农村金融服务现状 15

3.3 我国农村小额信贷存在的问题 18

第四章 农村小额信贷减贫效应的实证分析 20

4.1 指标选取 20

4.2 样本的选取和数据资料的整理 21

4.3 模型构建 21

4.4 回归结果和分析 21

第五章 研究总结及相关对策建议 25

5.1 研究总结 25

5.2 相关对策建议 25

致谢 27

参考文献 28

附录 30

导论

问题的提出

贫困是当今社会人类共同面临的问题，一直以来各国人民都在努力解决贫困，然而到目前为止，贫困问题仍然存在。从上个世纪后期尤努斯教授提出小额信贷减贫以来，小额信贷逐渐得到了国际上的广泛认可，被认为是针对贫困人口的一种有效减贫手段，

我国也一直面临着贫困的问题，我国农村贫困人口虽这些年来不断下降，但依旧有很多，扶贫工作仍然十分迫切。而且，十九大报告还明确指出要在2020年实现农村贫困人口脱贫，贫困县全部摘帽，可见我国解决贫困问题的决心。因此，怎么有效地解决农村发展不平衡不充分的问题，提高农民生活水平，真正地摆脱贫困，将是一项艰巨的任务。而完善金融服务，特别是面向农村的金融服务，正是破解这一难题的关键环节和有效途径。在这种情况下，小额信贷可以发挥巨大的作用。小额信贷作为向城乡低收入阶层提供的无需担保和抵押的贷款，在扶贫方面具有一定优势。农村小额信贷在中国也有了二十多年的发展，正规金融机构和非正规金融机构都有开展相应的业务。

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