色彩捕获理论在数据可视化中的运用

论文总字数：46463字

摘 要

本文研究不同色彩层级的最小可辨识面积以及与信息层级的对应关系。

在人机界面交互设计中，信息根据其重要关系具有不同的层级。色彩的变化会带来视觉感知上的差异，其对于人的注意捕获的强度不同。为了科学地使用色彩，将色彩与形状、面积、布局等合理组合，达到视觉表达的清晰明了的效果，需要依据不同色彩的捕获能力的差异，与信息的重要性匹配起来，表达信息的层次。

根据色彩的色相、明度、饱和度以及人眼对其捕获能力的不同，通过灰度转换法，已经获得了划分为7个层级的色彩。本次实验使用心理学软件E-prime进行行为学研究，得到每个层级颜色的最小可辨识面积。随着色彩层级的增加，最小可辨识面积先减小后增大，而当明度、饱和度、色相达到一定数值时，人眼对色彩的辨别能力明显降低，判断准确率迅速下降。

本文最后利用医院平面图改进的案例，把平面结构示意图中的各种信息分为重要度层级，再将其与色彩层级相互对应起来，然后通过Tobii眼动仪进行眼动实验记录寻找目标信息花费的时长和注意点个数，证明了色彩层级的运用具有很好的视觉引导作用，可以很好地提高使用者的阅读效率，便于高效准确地找到所需要的信息。

关键词：数据可视化，注意力捕获，色彩层级，眼动实验

Abstract

This paper studies the minimum identifiable area of different color levels and the corresponding relationship with information levels.

In the design of human-machine interface interaction, information has different levels according to its important relationship. The change of color will bring about the difference of visual perception, and the intensity of attention capture is different. In order to use color scientifically and combine color with shape, area and layout reasonably to achieve clear visual expression, it is necessary to match the importance of information and express the information hierarchy according to the difference of capturing ability of incomprehensible color.

According to the difference of hue, brightness, saturation and capturing ability of human eyes, seven levels of color have been obtained by gray level conversion method. In this experiment, behavioral research was carried out by using the psychological software E-prime, and the minimum recognizable area of each level of color was obtained. With the increase of color level, the minimum recognizable area decreases first and then increases. When the brightness saturation color phase reaches a certain value, the human eye's ability to distinguish color decreases significantly, and the judgment accuracy decreases rapidly.

At last, this paper divides all kinds of information in the plane structure map into several levels, and then corresponds them with the color level. Then, by recording the time and the number of attention points needed to find the target through eye movement experiment, it proves that color has a good visual guidance effect, which can improve the reading efficiency of users, and facilitate them to find the information they need efficiently and accurately.

KEY WORDS: data visualization, color capture, attention capture, color hierarchy

目 录

摘要I

AbstractII

第一章 绪论1

1.1 研究背景和意义1

1.2 国内外研究现状1

1.3 研究内容及方法3

第二章 色彩相关理论研究5

2.1 色彩模型5

2.1.1 RGB模型5

2.2.2 HSB模型5

2.2 色彩差异性5

2.3 色彩的视觉感知特性6

2.4注意捕获6

2.5 颜色的物理特性6

2.6 用于视觉分层的颜色编码7

第三章 不同色彩最小可辨识面积测定实验8

3.1实验目的与方法8

3.1.1实验目的8

3.1.2实验方案8

3.2实验内容9

3.2.1实验材料9

3.2.2实验设备及被试12

3.3实验过程13

3.4实验结果及分析14

第四章 数据可视化应用案例21

4.1提出问题21

4.2颜色编码视觉分层显示的十大原则21

4.3改进示例22

4.3.1层级划分22

4.3.2颜色分配24

4.4实验方案对比27

4.4.1实验目的27

4.4.2实验对象28

4.4.3界面分析28

4.4.4实验过程28

4.4.5结果分析29

第五章 总结与展望36

5.1研究总结36

5.2研究展望36

参考文献37

附录A39

致谢49

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