论文总字数:28761字
摘 要
火力发电仍然是我国电力行业的支柱,2016年占全部发电类型的74.4%。在发电的同时,满足当地的热负荷需求的生产方式,称为热电联产。传统的热电联产通常是从汽轮机汽缸中抽取一定温度和压力的蒸汽,在换热器中加热热网回水,加热后的热水再通过热网供给热用户。这种方式,相比于热电分产供热而言,已经有了较高的能量利用效率,但仍有提升的余地。本文将引入两种进一步提高能量利用效率的方法:热泵供热法和分级加热供热法。
大温差热泵供热法在首站和热力站引入溴化锂吸收式热泵。溴化锂吸收式热泵利用抽汽和凝汽器循环水的热量加热热网水,不仅可以吸收蒸汽的高品位热量,还可以吸收凝汽器循环水中的低品位热量,实现大温差供热。分级加热供热法是指在首站热网回水不是直接被高温高压的蒸汽加热,而是从汽轮机不同位置抽汽,用相对低温低压的蒸汽加热低温的热网回水,用相对高温高压的蒸汽加热高温的热网回水,在热力站应用溴化锂吸收式热泵向用户供热。这种方法可以降低传热温差,从而降低了传热过程中的不可逆损失。与此同时,加热蒸汽在加热热网回水之前可以在汽轮机低压缸中做功,在供热的同时可以多发出电量。
本文假设热网供热功率为348900 kW。分别计算在假设的供热条件下抽凝式供热方案,热泵供热方案和分级加热供热方案需要消耗的蒸汽量。根据上述计算,可以进一步计算出新的供热方法的节约蒸汽量,节约出的蒸汽的折算发电量。计算得知,热泵加热的经济效益最好,但改造投资最大。分级加热的经济效益次之,改造投资较小。根据计算结果,将给出供热改造建议。在此基础上,进行变工况讨论,分别改变机组背压和热负荷,分析变工况对供热的影响,并给出机组运行建议。
关键词:热电联产,吸收式热泵,分级加热
Abstract
Coal-fired power is irreplaceable in a short period of time.Cogeneration refers to heating while generating electricity. Conventional combined heat and power generation usually extracts steam at a certain temperature and pressure from the turbine cylinders, which was used to heat the recycle water of the heat-supply network in the heat exchanger, and the heated hot water is then supplied to the user via the heat-supply network.As compared with the separate generation of po-
wer and heat, cogeneration has a higher energy utilization efficiency, but the efficiency can be further improved. Two ways to further improve the efficiency of energy utilization will be investigated in this work: heat pump heating and hierarchical heating.
The heat pump heating method can utilize the high grade heat of the steam and the low grade heat of the condenser circulation water. Hierarchical heating method utilizes energy cascade utilization principle to reduce irreversible losses.
In this work it was assumed that the heating power is 348900 kW. The amount of steam consumed by the traditional cogeneration method, heat pump heating method, and hierarchical heating method was calculated under the same heating conditions. Based on the above calculation, the amount of steam saved by the heat pump and the hierarchical heating method can be further calculated, and the converted power generated by the saved steam can be calculated. On this basis, the influences of the back pressure of the turbine on the economic and operation performance of the three methods were analyzed. The results show that the heat pump heating has the best economic performance, but the largest investment in retrofits. The economic performance of hierarchical heating are in secondary, and investment in retrofits is small. Finally, according to the calculation results, the retrofit proposal is given.
KEY WORDS: Cogeneration, Heat Pump, Hierarchical Heating
目录
摘要 I
Abstract II
第一章 绪论 1
1.1 选题背景 1
1.1.1 热电联产简介 1
1.1.2 当前热电联产的问题和改进方式 1
1.2 热电联产研究现状 2
1.3 本文研究内容及研究方案 2
第二章 热电联产采暖抽汽供热方式及建模 4
2.1 传统抽凝式供热方案 4
2.1.1 传统抽凝式供热方案简介 4
2.1.2 传统抽凝式供热方案特点 5
2.1.3 传统抽凝式供热方案计算 6
2.2 吸收式热泵供热方案 7
2.2.1 吸收式热泵供热方案简介 7
2.2.2 大温差吸收式换热简介 8
2.2.3 吸收式热泵简介 9
2.2.4 单效、双效溴化锂吸收式热泵 10
2.2.5 溴化锂水溶液的物理性质及几个重要参数的计算方程 12
2.2.6 吸收式热泵供热方案计算 14
2.3 分级加热供热方案 28
2.3.1 分级加热供热方案简介 28
2.3.2 分级加热供热方案计算 29
第三章 不同抽汽供热方式比较 32
3.1 三种供热方案抽汽量比较 32
3.2 吸收式热泵供热方案与分级加热供热方案折合多发电量计算 32
3.3 改造和运行维护成本比较 33
3.4 本章小结 34
第四章 变工况性能比较 35
4.1 机组背压改变 35
4.1.1 机组背压增大到0.0091 MPa 35
4.1.2 机组背压增大到0.01 MPa 35
4.2 热负荷改变 36
4.3 本章小结 36
第五章 总结及展望 37
致谢 38
参考文献 39
绪论
选题背景
热电联产简介
在发电的同时,从汽轮机汽缸中抽取部分蒸汽,供给一部分热量用于满足生产生活用热需求的电力生产方式叫作热电联产。用热电联产进行生产作业的电厂,我们称为热力发电厂(简称热电厂)[1]。
热电联产有以下几个优点:
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