论文总字数:11975字
摘 要
摩擦力作为物理教学重点受到大家普遍关注。不同种类的摩擦力的分析依据不尽相同。其中静摩擦力与相对运动趋势相反,滑动摩擦力与相对运动方向相反,分析比较简单。但滚动摩擦因其相对运动趋势难以判断,给分析带来很大困难。本论文从滚动所要满足的条件出发,回避对相对运动趋势的分析,使滚动摩擦的分析更加清楚简单。我们给出当物体受力情况比较简单时,根据持续滚动所需要满足的纯滚动条件分析刚体的运动情况,结合基本的力学知识确定滚动摩擦力的方向;如果物体所受力系比较复杂,可以先假设摩擦力的方向,基于刚体纯滚动的基本动力学方程,进行求解。由求出的摩擦力正负,来判断摩擦力方向与假设是否相符,同时也能用这种方式求出摩擦力的大小。论文对于我们正确地认识和判断摩擦力有极好的指导作用。关键词:滑动摩擦力,静摩擦力,滚动摩擦,相对运动,相对运动趋势
Abstract:Friction, as the focus of physics teaching, has been paid more and more attention. Different kinds of friction force analysis basis is not the same. The static friction force and the relative movement trend are opposite, the sliding friction force and the relative movement direction are opposite, the analysis is simple. However, the rolling friction is difficult to judge because of its relative movement trend, which brings great difficulties to the analysis. In this paper, from the rolling conditions to meet, avoid the analysis of the trend of relative motion, make the analysis of rolling friction more clear and simple. When the force of the object is relatively simple, the motion of the rigid body is analyzed according to the pure rolling conditions required for continuous rolling, and the direction of rolling friction force is determined according to the basic mechanical knowledge. If the force system of an object is complex, the direction of friction force can be assumed first, and the solution can be obtained based on the basic dynamic equation of pure rolling of a rigid body. Whether the direction of friction is consistent with the hypothesis is judged by the positive and negative values of the calculated friction, and the magnitude of friction can also be determined in this way. This paper is very useful for us to know and judge friction correctly.
Keywords: sliding friction, static friction, rolling friction, relative motion,relative motion trend
目 录
1引言………………………………………………………………………………4
2摩擦力分类………………………………………………………………………4
3常见摩擦力分析…………………………………………………………………5
3.1静摩擦力………………………………………………………………………5
3.2滑动摩擦力……………………………………………………………………6
3.3滚动摩擦力……………………………………………………………………7
3.3.1滚动摩擦的形成……………………………………………………………7
3.3.2滚动摩擦的分析难点………………………………………………………8
3.3.3滚动摩擦典型问题分析 …………………………………………………10
结论………………………………………………………………………………15
参考文献…………………………………………………………………………16
致谢………………………………………………………………………………17
1.引言
物理学是对物质的基本性质及决定物质运动的各种相互作用的研究。随着科技发展,物理学成为各项研究的基础。在研究物理学过程中,概念清楚是解决问题的关键。为了更好的理解概念的内涵,我们常常从日常经验中提出问题、引入概念并用于实践。这样当我们讨论的是熟悉的例子时,许多概念在这个过程中变得易于理解,更加生动,更能激发我们探寻事物的好奇心,进而能帮助我们更好的理解,同时这样也大大增强了人们学习物理的兴趣。[1]
摩擦,是日常生活中非常常见的现象,如:天冷的时候,我们知道通过摩擦双手产生热量御寒;汽车在行驶过程中车轮所受的摩擦力,在不少机械生产中,工人们也知道通过润滑来降低摩擦损耗。通过学习摩擦力,人们掌握并合理利用物理知识,使我们的生活更加便利和丰富。
在中学物理教学中,摩擦力是重点也是难点,很多中学生对摩擦力的概念模糊,对摩擦力的大小和方向认识不清,在做题过程中往往会出现混淆或者分析错误的情况,导致不能对摩擦力的相关内容进行科学正确的思考。要想教会学生摩擦力的分析和正确运算,需要我们自身对摩擦力的概念认识全面,掌握好基本原理。所以,即使刚体滚动时受到的滚动摩擦是大学物理的内容,我们也希望通过本次整理、分析,帮助同学们更好地学习摩擦力,使他们对相关知识理解得更加全面。
2.摩擦力分类
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