衍射光栅的制备及应用研究

论文总字数：8475字

摘 要

该文通过对衍射光栅的制备及应用的研究。说明了经过几个世纪很多科学家努力的发现、研究、开发与应用，使得衍射光栅技术正作为一个崭新的角色出现在世人身边，逐渐改变着世界，为人民所用，为人民造福。衍射光栅在科学技术上和生产上有着广泛的应用。例，光谱分析是近代物理实验的重要方法，目前在省内大多数高校中进行光谱实验主要是使用光栅光谱仪进行钠原子光谱、氢氘光谱等实验，该文提出了光栅光谱仪的一些主要结构和一些基本特性和光栅光谱的工作原理。

关键词：衍射光栅的制备，衍射光栅的原理，光谱仪。

Abstract： This paper studies on preparation and application of diffraction grating. It shows that after many scientists try to find, research, technology, makes the diffraction grating appears in the world as a new role by people"s side, gradually changing the world, and used by the people, bring benefit to the people. The diffraction grating is widely used in science and technology and production. For example, spectral analysis is an important method of the modern physics experiment. At the moment, most colleges and universities mainly use grating spectrometer in sodium atomic spectra, hydrogen and deuterium spectra experiments when they do spectral experiments. This paper presents some main structures and some basic characteristics of grating spectrometer, as well as the working principle of grating spectrum.

Keywords：preparation of diffraction grating, principle of diffraction grating, spectrograph.

目 录

1 绪论·························································6

2 衍射光栅的分类···············································6

3 衍射光栅的原理 ··············································6

4 衍射光栅的制备···············································7

4.1 刻划光栅···················································7

4.2 全息光栅···················································9

4.3 衍射光栅制备技术的进展····································11

5 衍射光栅的应用 ·············································11

5.1 光谱仪····················································12

5.1.1 光栅光谱仪的结构········································12

5.1.2 光栅光谱仪的特性 ·······································12

5.1.3 光谱仪的工作原理········································13

5.2 衍射光栅应用发展现状 ·····································16

结论 ··························································17

参考文献·······················································18

致谢 ··························································19

1 绪论

衍射光栅是一种非常广泛运用的光学元件, 光栅的衍射效率开始拍摄的高分辨率,均匀性好，更大，更稳定的方向发展。随着光栅应用的不断深入,对其性能要求也逐渐提高,而增大光栅的面积和衍射效率是提高光栅性能的有效途径。

2 衍射光栅的分类

光栅根据其工作方式分为两类，一类是透射光栅，另一类是反射光栅。如果按其对入射光的调制分类，又可分为振幅和相位光栅。

3 衍射光栅的原理

图1 光栅的夫朗禾费衍射

一般来说衍射光栅都是基于夫朗和费多缝衍射效应工作的。由多缝衍射理论知道，衍

射图样中的亮线位置的方向由下式决定：

m=0，，···

式中，间距d通常称为光栅常数；为衍射角。在光栅理论中，（3.4-1）式称为光栅方程。该式仅适于光波垂直入射光栅的情况，对于更一般的斜入射情况，光栅方程普遍表示式为

d（sin ）=m m=0，，···

式中，为入射角（入射光与光栅平面法线之间的角度）；为衍射角（相应的阶衍射光栅的表面法线之间的角度）

由光栅方程可见，对于给定光栅常数d的光栅，当用复色光照射时，除零级衍射光外，不同波长的同一级衍射光重合，即发生色散现象，这就是衍射光栅的分光原理。明亮的各级行对应不同的波长称为光栅线，拉开了在不同波长的水平增加与衍射水平相同的衍射级的增加，波长大者， 大；波长小者，小。

4 衍射光栅的制备

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