基于单片机的步进电机控制系统设计

论文总字数：19393字

摘 要

步进电机是一种通过电脉冲信号控制相绕组电流实现定角转动的机电元件，与其他类型电机相比具有易于开环精确控制、无积累误差等优点，在众多领域中获得了广泛的应用。为了得到性能优良的控制结果，出现了很多步进电机控制系统，其中采用单片机作为控制核心的控制系统得到了广泛的应用。这种控制系统的大部分在步进电机驱动方面做得很好，比如细分驱动技术，但有些系统比较复杂，用一些比较简单的控制不重合，投资不是经济；有的系统操作不太方便，相互作用不强。而应对当前的职业教育，专业教学中的各种技术也太过清晰，由此产生的实习也就不在工程实践中，应结合技术的有机结合起来，因此本文的研究内容就是设计一套硬件系统较简单、经济，但功能较为齐全，适应性强，操作方便，可靠性高的，能够有机地把电子技术、单片机技术、电机的控制技术结合起来步进电机控制系统。本文简要介绍了步进电机的发展及应用，以及常用的控制系统在程序、常用的驱动技术，同时也分析了步进电机的工作原理，然后以单片机为主控制器提出了整个系统的硬件设计方案，在此基础上对各个模块的电路进行详细的设计，接着阐述了步进电机软件控制开发的流程和程序设计。

关键词：步进电机;单片机;动态扫描;恒流斩波;看门狗

Design and Realization of the Stepping Motor Control

System Based on SCM

Abstract

Stepping motor is a kind of component using electric pulse signal to control winding elements to realize angular displacement. Comparing with other electric motor, it is easier to realize accurate control, no accumulated error and so on so forth. Thus, it is got extensive application. In order to gain excellent manipulative result, there appear a lot of stepping motor control systems. Among them, the system using SCM as the core part of the control system is used widely. Many this kind of control systems have done absolutely good at the step motor drive, such as the technique of subdivision of drive. But some systems are a little bit complicated, which does not match with some comparatively simple control, causing some waste on investment. Some system is not easy to operate, weak in alternation. Furthermore, techniques in today"s vocational teaching materials are entirely different, leading to some kinds of chaos in the exercitation, not combining some techniques which should be.Consequently, this thesis focuses on how to design a simple step motor control system, which has complete function, strong adaptability, easy to operate, high dependability, mixing electronic technique, SCM technique and motor control technique. This thesis will firstly introduce the development and application situation of stepping motor and some common control systems and drive techniques; what"s more, it will illustrate the working principle of step motor, then, using SCM as a main controller to put forward the whole system blue print of the hardware design. Based on this, all specific designs on electrical circuits in every module will be followed. Finally, illustrate the steps of how to develop the software of control system and programmed design.

Key words: Stepping Motor;SCM;Dynamic Scan;Current Chopper;Watch Dog

目录

第一章 绪论..................................................................................................................................6

1.1课题研究的背景和意义............................................................................................................6

1.1.1步进电机控制系统研究背景.........................................................................................6

1.1.2研究目的及研究意义.....................................................................................................6

1.2国内外研究概况........................................................................................................................6

1.2.1国内外常见步进电机控制系统....................................................................................6

第二章 步进电机的概述..............................................................................................................8

2.1步进电机的概述........................................................................................................................8

2.1.1步进电机的定义.............................................................................................................8

2.1.2步进电机的特点.............................................................................................................8

2.2步进电机的分类........................................................................................................................8

第三章 步进电机控制系统..........................................................................................................9

3. 1步进电机控制系统简介...........................................................................................................9

3. 2步进电机控制系统的特点.......................................................................................................9

第四章 硬件系统设计..................................................................................................................10

4.1MCS-51系列单片机..................................................................................................................10

4.1.1 单片机的总体结构........................................................................................................10

4.2单片机的定时器、计数器........................................................................................................11

4.2.1定时器、计数器的功能.................................................................................................11

4.2.2定时器、计数器的工作方式.........................................................................................12

4.3单片机的中断............................................................................................................................12

4.3.1中断的定义.....................................................................................................................12

4.3.2单片机的中断源.............................................................................................................13

4.4单片机的最小系统组成............................................................................................................13

第五章 系统软件设计..................................................................................................................14

5.1软件设计分析............................................................................................................................14

5.2实物图........................................................................................................................................14

5.3拓展实现方案软件设计源程序分析........................................................................................15

5.4系统程序设计流程图................................................................................................................15

第六章 总结..................................................................................................................................16

致谢..................................................................................................................................................17

参考文献..........................................................................................................................................18

附录..................................................................................................................................................19

1. 绪论

1.1课题研究的背景和意义

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