摘 要

世界如今正面临着能源危机，一方面是随着科学经济水平的发展，人类对资源的需求越来越大，另一方面则是日渐减少的化石能源存量，两者有着不可调节的矛盾。与此同时，由于燃烧大量的化石能源，产生了严重的污染问题。而生物质能作为可再生能源，在地球上有着丰富的储量，同时生物质燃烧所造成的污染很小。我国由于人口众多，需要大量粮食，因此每年种植了大量的农作物，许多农作物有着秸秆，这些秸秆可以作为生物质能燃烧供应能源。目前，我国能被充分利用的秸秆占比较低，大部分的秸秆被直接焚烧在耕地中，排放了大量的飞灰，形成雾霾，如果能够充分利用这些生物质能并且减少燃烧所产生的颗粒物，就能提供大量能源。

选取玉米秆作为实验原材料，通过处理，添加不同的添加剂CaHPO₄（DP），Ca(H₂PO₄)₂（CDP），Ca₃(PO₄)₂（TCP）并且按照比例配比，燃烧后，收集产生的颗粒物，称量每一种粒径段的颗粒物质量，画出质量粒径分布曲线，分析颗粒物微观形貌，元素组成和晶相结构得出结论。

最后得出结论，磷酸钙盐对颗粒物排放特性有影响，玉米秆燃烧产生的颗粒物质量分布为双峰分布，且亚微米颗粒占总比较多。加入三种添加剂有减排效果，PM₁的减排效果较明显，三者中CDP效果最好，P/K比为1时，CDP对PM₁减排效果可达51.93%，对PM₁₀减排效果可达44.09%。

关键词：能源 颗粒物 添加剂 排放特性 减排

Effects of calcium phosphate on particulate emission during biomass combustion

Abstract

The world is now facing an energy crisis. On the one hand, with the development of science and economy, the demand of human beings for resources is increasing; on the other hand, the stock of fossil energy is decreasing day by day. There is an irreconcilable contradiction between the two. At the same time, the burning of a large amount of fossil energy causes serious pollution problems. As a renewable energy, biomass energy has abundant reserves on the earth, and the pollution caused by biomass combustion is very small. China has a large population and needs a large amount of food, so a large number of crops are planted every year. Many crops have straw, which can be used as biomass energy to supply energy. At present, the proportion of straw that can be fully utilized is relatively low in China. Most of the straw is directly burned in the cultivated land, and a large amount of fly ash is discharged to form haze. If these biomass energies can be fully utilized and the particulate matter generated by combustion can be reduced, a large amount of energy can be provided.

Cornstalks selected as experimental materials, through processing, adding different additive CaHPO₄(DP), Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ (CDP), Ca₃(PO₄)₂(TCP) and in accordance with the proportion ratio, through fixed bed reaction, collecting particulate matter, determine the quality of particulate matter, draw the quality of grain size distribution curve, particle microstructure analysis, element composition and phase structure of the conclusion.

Finally, it was concluded that calcium orthophosphate had an effect on the emission characteristics of particulate matter. The mass distribution of particulate matter from burning corn stalk was bimodal, and submicron particles accounted for a large proportion. Adding three additives has the effect of emission reduction, and the reduction effect of PM₁ is obvious. Among the three, CDP has the best effect. When P/K ratio is 1, CDP can reduce PM₁ emission by 51.93% and PM₁₀ emission by 44.09%. The introduction of calcium into phospho-based additives can achieve the goal of reducing the emission of particulates, of which the reduction effect is more obvious for submicron particles, but the amount of calcium introduced will also affect the reduction effect.

Key words: Energy; Particulate; Additive; Emission characteristics; Reducing emissions

目 录

摘要 I

Abstract II

第一章 绪论 1

1.1研究背景及意义 1

1.2生物质能利用现状 1

1.3生物质燃烧过程中颗粒物的生成和排放特性 2

1.3.1生物质燃烧颗粒物排放特性研究现状 2

1.3.2生物质燃烧颗粒物减排研究现状 4

1.4含磷添加剂对生物质灰熔融特性的影响 4

1.5本文研究内容及研究方向 5

第二章 实验材料与方法 6

2.1 实验样品 6

2.2 实验装置 7

2.3实验设计过程 9

2.4 样品分析方法 9

第三章 数据分析 11

3.1 颗粒物放特性 11

3.2 颗粒物化学成分分析 15

3.3 颗粒物微观形貌及EDX分析 18

3.4 底灰分析 20

第四章 结论 23

参考文献 24

致谢 27

第一章 绪 论

1.1研究背景及意义

随着时代的发展，传统化石能源开始面临一些问题：能源储量日渐减少和环境污染问题。与此同时，生物质能因为有着清洁，可再生的特点越来越受到重视^[1]。作为一种纯净的能源，生物质能具有可再生的特点，并且储量较多，目前地球上的储能总量可以达到上亿千吨，这个数量换算成现在世界的总能耗的话，大约为世界总能耗的10倍^[2]，因此生物质能作为能源储量较为丰富，不存在储量较少的问题。生物质能的含氮量很少，转换能量时所排放的二氧化碳量接近为0。作为可再生能源，生物质能可以储存太阳能，生物质能独特之处在于可再生能源中只有生物质是可再生的碳源^[3]。生物质能有多种运用手段，一般将其转化为三种状态的燃料，使其能够方便高效地运用^[4]。在能源问题上，我国有着能源资源分布不均匀的问题^[5],而生物质能可以因地制宜，方便运用^[6]。我国不仅有着众多人口，而且处在经济快速增长时期，所以对能源有大量需求。生物质能作为可再生能源被认为是第四大能源，可以提供大量的能源，并且改善目前环境问题，可以有效解决我国目前部分的能源问题^[7]。

1.2生物质能利用现状

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