摘 要

Abstract 2

第一章 文献综述 3

1.1 引言 3

1.2 疏水石墨烯概论 3

1.2.1 石墨烯性质 3

1.2.2 疏水石墨烯的制备 4

1.2.3 疏水石墨烯的应用 6

1.2.4 疏水石墨烯膜的研究 7

1.3 膜蒸馏技术概论 8

1.3.1 膜蒸馏原理 8

1.3.2 常用膜材料 8

1.3.3 膜蒸馏分类 10

1.3.4 研究现状及挑战 12

1.4 本课题研究内容与意义 12

1.4.1 研究内容 12

1.4.2 研究意义 12

第二章 原材料预处理及表征 13

2.1 引言 13

2.2 实验试剂及仪器 13

2.3 氧化石墨烯及模板剂预处理 13

2.3.1 氧化石墨烯预处理 13

2.3.2 模板剂预处理 14

2.4 氧化石墨烯及模板剂材料表征 14

2.4.1 原子力显微镜（AFM） 14

2.4.2 扫描电子显微镜（SEM） 14

2.5 本章小结 15

第三章 多孔疏水石墨烯膜的制备与表征 15

3.1 引言 15

3.2 实验试剂及仪器 16

3.3 多孔疏水石墨烯膜的制备 16

3.4 多孔疏水石墨烯膜的表征 17

3.4.1 水接触角（WCA） 17

3.4.2 电子显微镜（SEM） 19

3.4.3 X射线衍射（XRD） 19

3.4.4 傅立叶红外（FTIR） 20

3.5 本章小结 21

第四章 多孔疏水石墨烯膜用于膜蒸馏脱盐 21

4.1 引言 21

4.2 实验装置及测试过程 22

4.3 膜蒸馏分离性能测试 23

4.4 本章小结 25

第五章 研究结论与展望 25

5.1 研究结论 25

5.2 研究展望 25

参考文献 26

致谢 29

摘要

近年来，世界水体污染问题日益严峻，亟需开发新的水处理技术来维持世界对水资源的需求。膜蒸馏技术凭借其操作条件温和、理论截盐率高等优势，引起研究者的广泛研究，被应用于海水淡化、废水浓缩等领域。目前，发展膜蒸馏技术的主要趋势包括：新型膜材料的研发、高通量膜的制备及高抗污染性能膜的研究等。结合上述挑战，本文选择新型二维氧化石墨烯膜材料，制备多孔疏水石墨烯膜用于真空式膜蒸馏。首先，采用二氧化硅纳米颗粒掺杂氧化石墨烯，以增加氧化石墨烯膜的层间多孔性及表面粗糙度；再通过表面接枝十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷增强膜表面的疏水特性；最终将所制备的膜应用于真空式膜蒸馏过程脱盐。结合相关表征及膜蒸馏性能测试结果发现：当二氧化硅与氧化石墨烯以1:1的质量混合，采用99 wt%乙醇/水水解、浓度为2 wt%的十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷对膜进行80℃处4 h，制备的膜表面水接触角为120.5°，此条件下制备的膜在处理60℃、3.5 wt% 的氯化钠盐溶液时的膜蒸馏的通量为13.59 kg·m^-2·h^-1，截盐率高达99.99%。因此，本文研究的多孔疏水石墨烯膜能够有效地用于膜蒸馏过程处理浓盐水，实现高效脱盐。

关键词：石墨烯，多孔疏水，表面接枝，膜蒸馏，脱盐

Abstract

In recent years, the world's water pollution problems have become increasingly serious, and new water treatment technologies are urgently needed to maintain the world's demand for water resources. Membrane distillation technology has attracted extensive research because of its mild operating conditions and high theoretical salt rejection rate. It has been used in desalination, wastewater concentration and other fields. At present, the main trends in the development of membrane distillation technology include: the development of new membrane materials, the preparation of high-flux membranes and the study of membranes with high anti-pollution properties. Combined with the above challenges, this paper selects a new two-dimensional graphene oxide membrane material to prepare a porous hydrophobic graphene membrane for vacuum membrane distillation. Firstly, graphene oxide membranes are doped with silica nanoparticles to increase the porosity and surface roughness; and the hydrophobicity of the surface of the membrane is combined with the surface grafting of the hydrophobic functional group of cetyltrimethoxysilane. The prepared membrane is finally subjected to desalination in vacuum membrane distillation process. Combined with the relevant characterization and membrane distillation separation performance test results, it was found that when silica and graphene oxide were mixed at a mass of 1:1 to form the membrane treated with 99 wt% ethanol-water dispersion with concentration of 2 wt% of cetyltrimethoxysilane at 80°C for 4 h, the water contact angle of the membrane was 120.5°. When the membrane was tested at 60°C, the flux was as high as 13.59 kg·m^-2·h^-1 and the salt rejection was 99.99% by dealing with 3.5 wt% NaCl salt solution. Therefore, the porous hydrophobic graphene membrane studied in this paper can be effectively used in the membrane distillation process to treat concentrated brine and achieve high-efficiency desalination.

Key words: graphene, porous and hydrophobic, surface grafting, membrane distillation, desalination

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