二孩生育对育龄女性职业发展的影响

论文总字数：39078字

摘 要

自改革开放以来，越来越多的女性从家庭走向社会，并在劳动力市场中占有一席之地。现如今，女性已经成为社会化生产中不能缺少的中坚力量，但是由于女性特殊的生命周期和性别刻板印象、职业刻板印象的存在，女性的职业发展相较于男性来说仍然有着一定的差距和差异。然而，随着“全面二孩”政策的放开，作为生育主体的广大育龄女性不光要面临随之而来的生育压力，更将面临着更高的就业门槛和职业晋升要求，而女性的职业发展也将因为相应的二孩生育计划而受到各种程度、各种方面的影响。

笔者根据观察到的现象，基于“全面二孩”放开的政策背景，通过定性研究的方法，从社会性别视角出发探析生育对育龄女性职业发展规划所带来的各层次的影响。

通过对国内外有关女性职业发展和二孩生育有关的理论研究进行系统的整理和回顾以后，笔者对在南京市工作的十名育龄女性进行访谈后发现，大多数受访对象因为心理、生理、潜意识冲突和担心知识资本退化等因素没有二孩生育的计划。并且经过笔者的深入分析与观察，发现生育会给女性的职业发展规划直接带来职业机会减少、职业技能下降、职业动机减弱和职业理想变质等四个方面的影响。另外，家庭支持、职场支持和政策支持也会通过生育这一生命行为间接地影响对女性的职业发展规划。

最后，笔者根据研究中的发现与分析，并根据发现的问题分别从个人、组织和政策三方面给出相关的意见和建议。

关键词：二孩生育 职业发展规划 性别分工

Abstract

Since reform and opening up, more women are walking from the family to society, and gain a foothold in the labor market. Nowadays, women have become the indispensable and main force of social production, but because of women's special life cycle and the existence of gender stereotypes, vocational stereotypes, women's career development compared with men still has certain gap and differences. However, as the "comprehensive two children" policy putting into effect, as the main body of fertility, the broad masses of women of childbearing age not only should face the subsequent fertility pressure, more will be faced with higher employment threshold and career advancement, and women's career development will also face influences of various aspects and various degree because of the corresponding second child birth plans.

Based on the observed phenomena and the policy background of the "comprehensive two children” policy, through qualitative research methods, from a gender perspective to analyze how fertility affect the career development planning of women of childbearing age at all levels.

Through to the domestic and foreign related to fertility in women's career development and two children after systematic sorting and review on the research of theory, the author of the work interview ten women of childbearing age in Nanjing and found that most respondents have no play of second child because of psychological factors, physiological factors, subconscious conflict and the knowledge capital degradation. And through in-depth analysis and observation, the author of the work found that giving birth to would directly reduce women’ career opportunities, declining their professional skills, professional motivation and even losing their occupational ideal. In addition, family support, career support and policy support will also be indirectly through the life of fertility behavior influence on women's career development plans.

Finally, based on the findings and analysis of the study, the author interpreted the limitations of this research, relevant opinions and suggestions respectively from individual, organization and policy three aspects are given.

KEY WORDS: second child birth, career development plans, gender

目 录

第一章 导论 1

一、研究背景与内容 1

（一）研究背景 1

（二）研究内容 1

二、文献回顾 2

（一）有关二孩生育问题的研究 2

（二）有关女性职业发展的研究 3

三、研究设计 4

（一）研究视角 4

（二）研究方法 5

第二章 调查分析 6

一、全面二孩政策放开后的二孩生育计划 6

（一）育龄女性的二孩生育计划 6

（二）育龄女性面临生育与职业的双重压力 7

二、二孩生育对女性职业发展规划的直接影响 9

（一）职业机会减少 9

（二）职业中断后职业技能下降 10

（三）自我提升动机减弱 11

（四）职业理想变质 11

三、影响育龄女性职业发展规划的其他因素 12

（一）职场支持 12

（二）家庭支持 13

（三）政策支持 14

第三章 结论与讨论 15

一、研究总结 15

（一）角色冲突直接影响育龄女性二孩生育计划 15

（二）生育对女性职业发展的影响是普遍的 15

（三）家庭、组织和社会缺乏对育龄女性职业发展的充足支持 16

二、意见和建议 16

（一）有关女性个人方面的建议 16

（二）组织方面的建议 16

（三）政策方面的建议 17

参考文献 18

附录 20

附录一 20

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