论文总字数：84342字
题 目: Multifunctional Flood Defence (MFD) Application in the Netherlands and China
土木工程学院（系）给水排水科学与工程 专业
学 号 05513130
学生姓名 韩煦
指导教师 Rajendra Prasad Singh (辛格) amp; Chris Zevenbergen
起止日期 2017.3.20-2017.6.2
设计地点 荷兰代尔夫特 UNESCO-IHE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Introduction4
1.1Reasons for multifunctional flood defences4
1.2Definition of MFD5
1.3Flood risk management in the Netherlands: a brief history 6
1.4Objectives of the current work7
Chapter 2 Process of achieving a design for a MFD7
2.1Types of MFD7
2.1.1 Level of integration 7
2.1.2 Category of multifunctional flood defences 8
2.2Secondary-functions of MFD9
2.3 Process of achieving a design for a MFD10
Chapter3 Financial factors influencing MFD12
3.1.1 Funding of MFD12
3.1.2Public-Private Partnership (PPP) for MFD in China14
3.2.1 Importance of the cost-benefit analysis 15
3.2.2Process for the cost benefit analysis16
3.2.3 Cost-benefit analysis of Chinese flood defences 19
3.3Cost-effectiveness analysis of reinforcement strategies for MFD21
3.3.1Dike height estimation for different scenarios 21
3.3.2The strategies 22
3.3.3 Cost-effectiveness analysis in China 24
3.3.3.1The SLR scenarios 24
3.3.3.2Results and Discussions25
Chapter 4 Regulation28
4.1Combination of flood security and spatial planning in the Netherlands28
4.2 Regulations of Chinese flood security Regulations29
4.3Suggestions for Chinese regulation 29
Chapter 5 Safety assessment and risk analysis30
5.1Failure mechanisms and assessment tracks30
5.2Risk analysis31
5.3Two risk of MFD analysis researches 32
5.4Challenges in China34
Chapter 6 Case study in China35
ABSTRACT
With climate change, the sea level will rise at a high speed. Both Netherlands and China should improve their own flood defences. Multifunctional flood defences (MFD) is a new concept to solve the conflict between city development and flood safety. MFD means "a zone that is primarily used for flood protection, but serves other non-water retaining functions ". This paper gives a design process of MFD and discusses some key factors influencing MFD. In the Netherlands, MFD has been proved successful to keep cities safety and development at the same time. Many experiences from their construction and maintaining can be learned and inspired by China. However, there are still some challenges in China to improve city flood defences as MFD. Both technique and management should be adjusted and improved for MFD in China.
KEY WORDS: multifunctional flood defences, design process, financing, safety, city development, regulation
Chapter 1 Introduction
With climate change, the glaciers and ice sheets are melting for global warming. It is assumed that the sea level will rise at least one meter in the next hundred years[1]. More than 70 percent of the world population is living in coastal areas. What's more, extreme weather, such as blizzard, storm, flood, drought, hail, lightning, typhoon, has become more and more frequent, and people suffer $380 billion in 2011 from it.[3] In developing countries, many people choose to live in flood prone areas close to river banks and sea shore for social and economic reasons. With the process of dramatic urbanization, these areas are also densely populated, leading to significant serious consequences of flood. On the other hand, with the absence of awareness of flood management, developing countries also possess a comparatively low standard about their flood defences or even lack construction to protect people living in lowland or deltaic area from suffering life and assets losses.
However, in many developing countries such as in Asia, the economy is experiencing an explosive development. Chinese GDP has broken through Us $10.3588 trillion in 2014[4] and it is estimated by the Word Bank that India's economic growth will be 7.2%[5], which means that it is feasible for these countries to reinforce their flood defences. Cities in developing countries are expanding and growing along river banks and sea shores in an amazing speed, which calls for a higher standard of flood defences and a more detailed flood management strategy including dikes, dams, room for water, and man-made waterways for diverting flood water. But that could make another challenge. The land in cities is scarce and the value is high as other urban infrastructures also need to occupy most of land. Therefore, the land or space available for dikes is pretty limited. This competition between urban structures and flood defences for lands can be hardly solved by traditional flood defences. Obviously, higher standard calls for reinforcement of flood defences structures. But other municipal functions under quick development also need more space in cities.
1.1Reasons for multifunctional flood defences
Multifunctional flood defences have been suggested as an alternative solution. This concept can not only protect people from rising water level, but also combines with other daily functions. By this conception, lands will be used more effectively. Flood defences systems comprise a structure combining water retaining and other urban functions by space sharing and construction integration. In this way, the confliction between flood management and urban development can be reduced. And it can improve both flood safety and spatial quality. By the following of this paper, multifunctional flood defences can be proved both retaining water safely and making huge social benefits.
Chinese cities are the most densely populated in the world. Take Nanjing for example, there are 8.27 million people in an area of 1125.78 square kilometers[6]. Comparatively, Amsterdam has 1.1 million people in 219 square kilometers[7]. What' more, most people in Nanjing live in the downtown area no more than 300 square kilometers, which means the city could be very crowded. On the other hand, the major threats for Nanjing are from the Yangtze River and the Qin Huai River. The water level of these two rivers rise continually since 1950. Over the last twenty years the standard of flood protection in Nanjing is once in 50 years[8], which cannot meet the future needs of the development of the city. In 2014, a new strategy of flood management has been introduced, in which the standard of flood protection has been increased to once in 200 years[8] for the city. From this new strategy, the whole flood system can be divided into 10 flood control loops and most of the existing dikes or dams should be reinforced. Only for the old city flood control loop, there are 10.7 kilometers dikes along the Yangtze River and 8.2 kilometers dikes along the Qin Huai River to be reinforced or heightened. A series of projects are being planned. As the availability of land is limited, it is a good chance to take the conception of multifunctional flood defences into consideration. The reasons to build MFD can be summarized:
1. Traditional flood defences can't solve the conflict with other functions.
2. Urbanization calls land available for development.
3. A lot of projects to reinforce flood defences can be seen as an opportunity to improve spatial quality and flood safety.
4. MFD can make benefits through combined with secondary-functions.
1.2Definition of MFD
MFD is a new concept aiming at a combination of functions of flood protection and spatial development. Instead of competing for lands with other infrastructures, MFD will adjust themselves to surrounding environment. Based on the needs of cities to accommodate functions for housing, recreation, transportation and landscape, MFD can optimize the need for land. Because of the synergy of different functions, the limited space can be utilized effectively for at least two objectives: flood defence and secondary functions combined to MFD.
The complexity increases since MFD contains more functions, hence it calls for more investigation. Obviously, MFD would generate extra benefit at the same time. Through a cost-benefit analysis, decision makers will know that by reasonable design, MFD is worth to invest.
Based on the above interpretation, MFD consists of two parts: a primary structure to retain water and secondary-functions combined with it by connecting structures and co-locating. Anvarifar (2016) suggests the following definition of MFD:
A zone that is primarily used for flood protection, but serves other non-water retaining functions[9]]
It should be noted that the amount and type of secondary-function depend on the surrounding environment, safety, and other needs related to spatial quality. And the relationship between its major function and other functions are different. That will be discussed in this paper.
1.3Flood risk management in the Netherlands: a brief history
The Dutch have a long history of flood control. The first river dikes were built in the tenth century. The first type of government agency to be established in the Netherlands - when farmers joined forces to prevent flooding - were the water management authorities and they are still active.
Prior to the disastrous 1953 floods, dikes were built by taking the height of the highest known water levels in the past, plus a margin of safety. In the early 1970s, a new system introduced 53 dike rings. Each dike ring has its own safety standard and regulations, which are stated as flood risks. Since January 2014, the safety of Dutch dikes and dams has been assessed and tested on the basis of statutory standards, and current technological and hydrological conditions, every twelve years (before 2014, these assessments were conducted every six years).[10] Any section of a dike or dam that fails to comply with the statutory standards must be reinforced. The water management authorities and the national government are partners in the protection of the Netherlands against flooding. The national government is in charge of protecting the coastline and maintaining the barriers that close off the major sea arms in the western part of the country. The other water defences (dikes, dunes and quay walls) are managed by the water management authorities.
Approximately 700 million Euros a year are available for the construction and maintenance of the dikes in order to maintain the required safety level. The Netherlands is probably one of the world’s best protected deltas. However, ongoing investment is required to keep the country safe. The required annual budget is expected to increase in the future due to sea-level rise, land subsidence and stricter safety levels in conjunction with economic growth and climate change.
In recent years, a new strategy has emerged in the Netherlands for new government policies addressing spatial planning and water management. The two policy areas have been linked, creating opportunities for incorporating measures for water management in urban construction/reconstruction and landscaping. In addition, it is essential to find solutions for potential flooding problems that are not only technical but that also address governance, funding and more integrated design processes. We also have to ensure that the Netherlands can adapt to cope with the consequences of climate change.
1.4Obejectives of the current work
The aim of this paper is try to introduce the concept of MFD into China in a systematical way. Although MFD has already been proved successful in the Netherlands, however, there are many differences between China and Netherlands. Since then, both challenges and chances need to be explored in China. This paper is divided into six parts: introduction, process of achieving a design for a MFD, financing factors that will influence MFD, Regulation about MFD, safety assessment and risk analysis, and a case study in China. In this paper, firstly, a definition and rationale of MFD will be discussed. Then, different types of MFD and functions that can be combined with MFD, will be presented. Thirdly, this paper will give a process design of MFD and some key factors, including financing, reliability, and regulation, that will influence decision making. Finally, this paper will research the feasibility of the concept of MFD in China and both advantages and challenges about MFD in china will be set out.
Chapter 2 Process of achieving a design for a MFD
2.1Types of MFD
2.1.1 Level of integration
It has been mentioned that the relations between water retaining and combined functions are various. The level of integration is used to describe the way how secondary-function and primary functions are assimilated. The level of integration is based on structural and spatial connection between functions. [11]Four levels of integration can be described as follow:
The first level is shared use. This means a retaining construction is combined with another function without making any adjustments to the flood defence. [11] The roof park in Rotterdam is an example of a shared use of space. In this example, there is a garage built inside a dike, but the dike doesn't adjust itself for garage.
The second level is spatial optimisation. In this level the shape of the flood defence is adapted to make room for secondary functions. However, these secondary functions are not a part of the flood defence structure. In other words, these extra structures do not contribute to water retaining function. Hilledijk in Rotterdam is an example of spatial optimization. In this example, the dike changes the shape of inside slope to make room for secondary-function.
The third level of integration is structural integration. This level is about a structure that is built on, in, or under the flood defence structure but does not directly retain water. Figure shows an example of structural integration. It should be noticed that the building on the top of the dike is not a part of the retaining wall.
The last level of integration is functional integration. In this level, the primary structure of the water retaining is also fulfilling another secondary function or extra structures to the flood defence function. This level of integration is very rare. Figure.1 shows the example of functional integration in Dordrecht.
Figure.1. Examples of the four levels of integration of MFD [11]
2.1.2 Category of multifunctional flood defences
The category of MFD is distinguished by the relative location of the primary structure and the extra constructions for secondary-function. This location will hugely influence MFD including the level of integration, which functions can be combined and reliability, etc. Also, the methodology to be taken to do risk analysis is base on the category of MFD.
Figure.2. Category of multifunctional flood defences[12]
A: The structure and flood defence are physically completely separated but the structure is located within the influence zone of the flood defence.(Shared use)
B: The structure is located on top of the flood defence (could also be located on the inner slope) but does not contribute to the water retaining function of the flood defence. (Shared use)
C: The structure and flood defence are completely separated but the structure is located within the influence zone of the flood defence. (Shared use)
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