科学问题解决过程中的脑电信号特征分析

论文总字数：27934字

摘 要

本研究利用事件相关电位技术，通过记录被试在解决涉及前概念与科学概念冲突的科学问题过程中的脑电信号，并对脑电信号进行事件相关电位分析，提取、分析事件相关电位特征性成分及其对应的特定认知加工活动，研究科学问题解决过程中脑的信息加工进程。本研究对于理解科学思维发展、提高科学问题解决能力、促进科学教育发展等方面均有着重要的科学意义和现实的应用价值。

我们以电学问题为例，研究判断涉及“单根导线在非回路状态下能点亮灯泡”这一错误前概念的电路是否正确时的脑电信号特征。我们给被试呈现四类电路动画，在第一类电路中，一个串联的灯泡被点亮，一个单根导线连接的灯泡未被点亮；在第二类电路中，一个串联的灯泡未被点亮，一个单根导线连接的灯泡被点亮；在第三类电路中，一个串联的灯泡被和一个单根导线连接的灯泡都被点亮；在第四类电路中，两个并联的灯泡被点亮。15位被试对四类电路的判断正确率为97.5%，表明他们对串并联电学概念已经完全掌握。事件相关电位（ERP）结果显示，第一类、第二类电路动画诱发了更高的N2成分，第三类电路动画则诱发了更高的LPC成分。该结果预示，在解决涉及前概念与科学概念冲突的科学问题过程中可能存在着一个早期自动调用前概念从而引起认知冲突的加工过程，但对于完成概念转变的学生，则很快表现出能运用科学概念判断、引起新的冲突，并解决该问题的加工过程。该结果也表明，科学概念转变完成后，前概念没有消失，与科学概念并存，从而为概念转变的前概念抑制理论提供了脑电研究的支持。

关键词：科学问题解决，概念转换，事件相关电位，N2，LPC

Analysis of EEG signal features in the process of scientific problem solving:

an event related potential study

Abstract

This study using event related potential (ERP) technique, by recording the subjects to resolve issues relating to concepts and scientific concept of conflict, the scientific problem of EEG signal, event related potential analysis of EEG signal, and extracting and analyzing the characteristics of event related potentials components and the corresponding specific cognitive processing activities and scientific research problem solving of brain information processing process. This research has important scientific significance and practical value in understanding the development of scientific thinking, improving the ability of scientific problem solving, and promoting the development of science education.

We take electrical problems as an example, concerning about the EEG features of a former concept: “a bulb can be lighted up even the circuit is disconnected". We give the participants four types of circuit animation. In the first class of circuits, the first bulb in a series circuit is lighted up, the second bulb connect to a single wire is in the extinguished state; in the second class of circuits, the first bulb in a series circuit is in the extinguished state, the second bulb connect to a single wire is lighted up; in the third class of circuit, two bulbs are lighted up; in the fourth circuit, the two bulbs in the parallel circuit are lighted up. 15 participants’ correct rate of four types of circuits is about 97.5%, which shows that they have a complete grasp of the Series parallel electric concept. Event related potential (ERP) results show that the first class, second class of circuit animation to induce a higher N2 composition, the third class of circuit animation induce a higher LPC component. The results indicate that, in addressing the former concept and scientific concept conflict scientific problem may exist an early automatic call before the concept which is caused by the process of cognitive conflict. But for students who have already finished the convert of the concepts, soon showed to use scientific concept to judge the problem which lead to new conflicts, and solve the problem of machining process. The results also show that the former concept and the scientific concept are co-exist, which provides support for the theory of the scientific concept inhibit the former concept.

KEY WORDS: scientific problem solving, conceptual change, event-related potentials, N2, LPC

目 录

摘 要 I

Abstract II

第一章 研究背景 1

1.1 科学问题解决 1

1.2 科学问题解决中前概念与科学概念的冲突 1

1.2.1科学概念 1

1.2.2前概念 1

1.2.3科学概念转变与冲突的研究 1

第二章 问题提出和实验假设 4

2.1 问题提出 4

2.2 实验预期 4

第三章 实验方法 5

3.1 实验设计 5

3.1.1 实验刺激的设计 5

3.1.2 实验刺激的呈现 6

3.2 被试 6

3.3 实验过程 6

3.4 ERP记录 9

3.5 ERP 数据分析和统计 9

第四章 实验结果与讨论 11

4.1 访谈报告与行为结果 11

4.2 脑电结果 12

4.2.1 ERP 12

4.2.2 早期成分N2 14

4.2.3 晚期成分LPC 14

4.3 讨论 17

4.3.1行为结果的讨论 17

4.3.2 ERP结果的讨论 18

第五章 实验结论 19

致谢 20

参考文献（References） 21

附录一 22

附录二 23

附录三 24

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