浅析有文人因素的明式家具对欧美的影响

论文总字数：15529字

目 录

中文摘要·····································································2

ABSTRACT·····································································3

引言··········································································4

1明代家具兴起和发展的独特背景········································4

1.1稳定和开放的社会经济条件助长“消费文明” ··································4

1.2戏曲文化推动建立家具文化··················································4

2明代家具的文人因素及影响··············································4

2.1文人生活对家具影响························································5

2.2文人性情对家具的影响······················································5

3明式家具在欧美的收藏与拍卖热点······································6

3.1明式家具最早在欧美的的传入及流行··········································6

3.2欧美学者、收藏家使明式家具在欧美流行并引发收藏热···························7

3.2.1世界上最早介绍明式家具的专辑——三本《中国家具》·······················7

3.2.2研究明式家具的先锋专家···············································7

3.3保存着大量明式家具收藏的欧美博物馆········································8

3.3.1最重要的明式家具收藏博物馆——加州中国古典家具博物馆·················8

3.3.2追溯到明朝生活气息的侣明室···········································9

3.4明式家具在纽约的拍卖热点··················································9

4对欧美设计上的影响······················································9

4.1对西方古典家具设计的影响··················································9

4.1.1安妮女皇风格家具对明式家具装饰样式的运用····························10

4.1.2齐宾代尔深受明式家具风格影响········································10

4.1.3对明式家具风格和工艺上的借鉴········································10

4.2对西方现代家具设计的影响·················································10

4.2.1格林兄弟与古斯塔夫·斯提格利为美国带来明式风格家具···················10

4.2.2欧美中最受明式家具影响的北欧风格····································11

4.2.3意大利米兰家具展持续挖掘经典明式家具································11

结语·········································································12

参考文献····································································12

致谢·········································································14

浅析有明代文人因素的明式家具对欧美的影响

李若羽

，China

Abstract：The history of Chinese Ming dynasty Furniture with excellent culture is very

long, and what made it be more literary is the participation of the Ming Dynasty Literati.

Since the ancient silk road opened up, the collection of Chinese Ming-style Furniture

was be paid attention by western countries. And collection heat and design style of

Chinese Ming-style furniture continue to impact on the west. However, so far, there is no

paper introduces the Ming-style furniture on the influence of the western countries systematically.

In this paper, I point out that the Ming-style Furniture has a great influence on design style of classical furniture and modern furniture in Europe and America. In addition to, the foreign Ming-style furniture fascination set off a huge collection heat wave in Europe and America.

Key words：The Ming-Style Furniture; Europe and the United America; Design; Culture

引言：

中国家具有着有着悠久的历史，其中蕴涵深刻的文人文化，明代的家具文化更是走在了世界的前段，因此形成著名的明式家具文化。在这里要提出两个概念的区别：“明代家具”特指在明代时期制作的家具，而“明式家具”是指一种家具的风格，这种风格的家具就是按照明代家具风格来进行制作，因此清代初期的家具也属于明式家具，如今按明代家具仿制的家具依旧属于明式家具。明式家具风格及文化是我国设计史上一项巨大的成就，在世界的家具文化乃至整个设计体系中享有极高的地位，受到东西方学者、收藏家和设计师的高度重视。

1明代家具兴起和发展的独特背景

1.1稳定和开放的社会经济条件助长“消费文明”

家具制作者会受当时社会文化的影响而把自己的审美情趣注入到家具作品中，所以我们可以从不同历史时期的家具中感受到当时历史时期的文化特征。

明代没有大规模战争，社会生活处于稳定的政治环境中，再加上明初恢复经济的措施，工匠更自由，为手工业的发展提供了条件。郑和下西洋，带回了海外大量高级木材，推动了家具业的发展，而且还促进了中外的技术、文化交流，使得中外贸易增多，明代家具传入海外。明中后期，广泛进行对外贸易，商品经济快速发展，城镇经济迅速兴起，以物质消费为基础的“消费文明”便开始滋长。在这种情况下，使明代的各种文化风俗活动更加丰富，文人的生活方式也更加追求物质享受和闲情逸致的生活情趣。

1.2戏曲文化推动建立家具文化基础

最精品的明代家具主要产生于明代的中后期，明中后期是一个伟大的小说和戏曲的时代,这个时期《水浒传》《封神榜》《金瓶梅》“三言二拍”等大量小说、话本作品出现；同时涌现出汤显祖、徐渭、陈与郊、魏良辅等一大批空前绝后的伟大的戏曲家、艺术家。这些文人们对普通市民产生了广泛的影响，推动了文化普及，传播了文人情操，让明代时期的生活普遍处于一个充满文化的氛围中，这就形成了明代家具文化的社会基础。

2明代家具的文人因素及影响

从明代中期起，城市建设迅速发展，建筑和园林的设计与建造更是进入了繁盛期。当时建造了许多建筑来满足物质精神上的享受，再加上宾客来往众多，因此形成了对于家具的大量需求，也使更多的文人投入到“设计”行业之中。

在这种社会条件下，文人不仅是写诗作画，建筑和园林的兴起使得他们也想对此进行创作，为家具文化著书立说、设计家具的结构和外观图纸都符合他们研究艺术的兴趣。例如文震亨的《长物志》、类书《鲁班经匠家镜》、宋应星的《天工开物》等著作都有对当时的“设计”进行研究。这些书籍促进了明代家具文化的成熟，使其融入在一种醇厚的文化氛围之中。

明式家具的设计图纸大多由文人完成，因为即使是文人、画家，但他们比工匠具有文化底蕴和审美，所以能够共同参与到园林、建筑、家具的设计制造当中。家具对于文人来说，在生活中不光要对其实用，还要充满美感，是一种可以鉴赏把玩的艺术品，因此要兼具实用功能和艺术美。明代文人腹有诗书气自华，所以单从美学的角度审视明代家具，一股浓郁的书卷气扑面而来。由此可见，明代家具文化是明代特定历史环境下的产物，这正是明代家具的弥足珍贵之处。

2.1文人生活对家具影响

明代文人的读书生活已然成为了一件陶冶情操、修身养性的活动，书房的布置和其中家具自然就更需要体现悠闲的生活品位和审美情趣。“项脊宣”是明代文学家归有光的书斋，里面的陈设就是典型文人书房的陈设，文震亨在《长物志》中就指出文人书房、书斋的家具最基本的陈设就是：座椅、书案、书架、画案，另外还可添置琴几、香几、花几、小几、屏风、榻等，用来盛放文房四宝、字画、香炉、花瓶、盆景、鼎彝作装饰。所以家具的设计与文人的生活息息相关，既可从文人的审美意趣与人格涵养中研究他们家具的设计与摆放，又可以从家具的设计和摆放中研究出文人的生活趣味与细节。

文人生活中除了读书外，还注重休闲娱乐。这种休闲娱乐生活是生活的“世俗化”并不是指“庸俗化”，他们是从关心国家命运、追求宗教道德的激情中转移到追求日常生活的趣味，形成一种性灵自由、清雅脱俗的审美趣味。

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