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摘 要

海明威长篇小说《太阳照常升起》是描写“迷惘的一代”的代表作，小说反映了一战后“迷惘的一代”的生存困境和精神苦闷。小说中男女主人公的心理活动反映了迷惘青年的心声。但是，他们并不是真正的迷失，而是在绝望中挣扎、寻找出路，追求完美，实现个人价值。lt;lt;太阳照常升起》为我们展现了那个年代有着独特个性与想法的青年一代。他们在时代背景和现实社会的变迁中所表现出来的对自我价值的探索精神令我们感触颇深。他们被时代所造就，也同样造就了时代的另一面，他们对所谓的另类生活的体验寻找到了精神和感情的出口，坚强地从历史带给他们的伤痛中站起来，走向新的生活和希望，这也正是“迷惘的一代”觉醒的真正内涵。

关键词: 迷惘的一代; 觉醒; 人生哲学; 现实意义

　　　　　　　　　　　　Contents

1. Introduction 1

2.Literature Review 2

3. Exploration of the Meaningless World 3

3.1 The background of the lost era 3

3.2 The representative characters of the “Lost Generation” 4

4. Exploration of the Spiritual Home 6

5.Conclusion 9

Works Cited 10

1. Introduction

Nowadays more and more young people, who were born in 1990s, are living rotten just for spiritual enjoyment and material pursuit. They have no strict disciplines to strain their behavior. These remind the author of a term, the lost generation. It seems that the 90s is the rebirth of the lost generation. This arose the author’s interest in the lost generation and curiosity about how their thought, world value, lifestyle are. After searching some material about that generation, the author notices that the short novel, The Sun Also Rises, is the irreplaceable work in that period and it has owned an important position from then. Besides, it is Hemingway’s first important novel and it is also the most representative work in lost generation, which paints a lively picture of the whole generation. It is well known that the lost generation has emerged soon after World War I and widespreaded the whole west countries quickly. It’s deep and wide thought influences the young generation in that period, especially, the young English and American expatriates who involve in the war. They cut off from the old values and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when the civilization has gone mad. Since then the people have been accompanied by these thoughts. So to know it deeply and clearly is very useful for us. This thesis focuses on the features of the lost generation through The Sun Also Rises. By analyzing the main characters in the work, such as Jake Barnes, Micheal Campbell, Brett Ashley and so on, who embody the general features of the lost generation, readers can notice the motif of this paper. That is the characteristics of the lost generation, mainly including identity of exile, hatred towards war and its wound, desperation of love, lost of beliefs and morality, excluding of outsider as well as the positive ones, like sincerity in friends, searching for pillars in life and also the change from escaping to confronting the reality. In them the images of the lost generation can be analyzed much clearly.
 

2. Literature Review

The Sun Also Rises has received plenty of attention from reviewers and essayist since it was published.. Zhen Xiaoqing said that from a positive point of view, why not see The Sun Also Rises as the transfer of optimism references. It seems that the protagonist in the book is difficult to escape the fate ,just as caught in a circle. However, as long as the sun rises as usual, there will be hope and vision.In fact, this generation of young people, who complain about the harsh and unfair of fate, but they did not sink, they are in an unprecedented manner and burst intensely.They abandon fathers’ considered right and proper moral values.They are anti-social, anti-tradition, they against all false disguise and advocate material enjoyment, they even completely informal. They escape, tried to use alcohol and materialism to bury their pain and disappointment, but naturally return to the real world, they had lost before, but they are never really had decay.

Shi Wenhua said that although the characters in the novel are lonely and desperate ,they are the losers in life, but as many at the time known as the "lost generation" youth, they have strong will, they never resigned, they struggle in lost to find ways to survive.Whether to treat life or about love, they are full of hope and confidence. At the same time, they love nature very much.They are in the embrace of nature, learning the courage of life and hope.Only nature is full of longing, hope for life ,you will feel the beauty of nature has given them, they will experience the thrilling excitement.They did not lose confidence in life, they are in "lost"but still in pursuit of a good thing. Any good things can resonate in the depths and desire of life. They love life, the longing and the pursuit for true love let they see the life of fun so that they are full of confidence.Although they once lost,they have nothing to convert, and even go astray, but this is not really lost, it is because they are not willing to sink, not willing to surrender to doom. So they go out of the country, go toward an alien land to seek freedom and liberation. It is precisely because they are not really lost,so they struggle in despair and various unfortunate torture.Only they can better understand the true meaning of life to feel the mystery of life.As the title page quoted this passage: a generation to a generation away, the earth exists forever, the sun rises, the sun sets, the sun also rises.

In summary, The Sun Also Rises shows us the young generation with a unique personality and ideas. Because of the era, these characters find the export of mental and emotion through their life experience. They stand up from the damage and they have a new life.

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3. Exploration of the Meaningless World

The Sun Also Rises first described to us a picture of the postwar wasteland .People who live in the wilderness not only their body is full of holes, but also their spirit lost homes. They lost,painfully, as dead camel live. This piece of wasteland picture is in line with the existentialist view of the world,that is, “The world is absurd, life is painful.”

The world of the wild world war brings people not only the sacrifice of life and physical trauma, but also a spiritual pain. The novel The Sun Also Rises is about a group of British and American young intellectuals who moved to Paris after World War I, who lived in a world of chaos and desolation, with no purpose, no meaning of life. (Alfred 5) The main character, Jake Barnes, is one of the many victims of the war, and we can see that Hemingway’s shadow is everywhere. He would have been an American reporter, but he was seriously injured in the war led to the loss of sexual ability. Therefore, although he longed for love, but can not really get the love and stay together with the dignity, so that he had to accept a woman’s insult. Jake fell in love with Brett, but wounded caused by disability makes him for sex and can not be expected, like living in the hell.

3.1 The background of the lost era

After the World War I,British and American modernist fiction developed rapidly caused a wave of heat waves in the western literary world. Hemingway and Dos Passos and a number of young American writers who suffered severely of the war formed the pivotal “Lost Generation”writers camp after the world war I. After the smoke of war, the whole western world in shambles. This brutal war on an unprecedented scale which caused acute social conflicts and disillusionment of the western world after the World War I, reflect the instability of the social life, it is an important task in this perilous era in creative writers faced, it opened a new rise of the Anglo-American Modernist Literature chapter.

Some writers of the “Lost Generation”live in depression and boredom. Not only are they physically and mentally, but they are always unable to overcome the psychological barrier and eventually take their lives away in order to extricate themselves, Hemingway is one of them. Although the road of life twists and turns, the “Lost Generation”writers still made remarkable artistic achievements. Their extraordinary talents and real emotions almost wrote one of the best in the history of American literature novels, thus making the 1920s the most brilliant period in the history of the United States. (Stenbeck 1958) The woks of the writers of the “lost generation”rooted in the era has two characteristics:once the capitalist economic prosperity of the Unite States and the United States national spiritual emptiness and moral degeneration. Their novels can be regarded as throughout the United States “lost generation” rough fate of true portrayal.

3.2The representative characters of the “Lost Generation”

Hemingway is one of the representative writers of “Lost Generation”. The Sun Also Rises published in 1926 in his first real novel and the beginning of his fame. Novels by depicting a group of stranded in Paris the Anglo American youth life and emotional thought, shaping the typical image of the “lost generation”. It has been called the declaration of this genre.

The generation of “lost generation”in the novel has a very special and complicated historical background. After the end of the World War I, those hot blooded American young man with a history of “patriotism”slogan effect and rich romantic ideas and the spirit of adventure, not only witnessed the madness and brutal of the war, but also to see the reality of the absurd and cruel. These young people in the United States who during the war resolutely renounce the pen and went to the war front ,or went to France and Italy to join the work ,not only they can not realize their own value to become the people hero,or even lost the original support their life ideals and beliefs emotional support. They are deeply deceived at the same time, the future of the loss of confidence in life on the road to lose the direction of thinking, emptiness, loneliness, they have become an unprecedented “lost generation” in the United States’ society.

The Sun Also Rises in the shape of the characters on the challenge of traditional novels mainly in the interpretation of the “people”. (Li 80) Novels focus on revealing the ugly side of human nature to explain the character of “non-hero” of human nature and the inner world of the humble, confusion, boredom and absurdity, showing a picture of life in the material world deformities, have morbid psychological of the crowd, or to morbid people. All the main characters in the novel are physically and mentally disabled by the war, and have been driven out of the normal way of life in some way. Their disillusionment, prospects and wandering, alcoholic, addicted to dance in an attempt to in extravagance and serious of promiscuous tried to seek the stubborn to avoid their happiness. This bohemian recluses not only can not satisfy them, but also to make them deeper into despair and unable to extricate themselves.

The perplexity of this generation is because their traditional liberal democratic values is not suitable for the post-war world, "back to the normal policy implications from the United States government implement, make the young feel ruthless in the United States, only pay attention to the actual benefit. So that the young and the United States in the spirit of drifted apart. When Hemingway returned from the first World War in 1919, he began to engage in literary creation in 1926, he was famous for his first novel The Sun Also Rises. In the novel, the title page,Stein said to him a word as the inscription. "You are the lost generation". Therefore, the novel is regarded as the "lost generation". Whether as a literary genre, or as a manifesto of the generation of war victims, Hemingway has become the spokesman of the "lost generation". The era of The Sun Also Rises in the World War I as the background, describing the condition that a group of young people have been stranded in Paris. (Chen 56) The expression was a young generation of disillusionment and the traditional moral concept of the rebellious spirit and a strong anti war sentiment. They are different in physical, mental, moral, psychological war damage and destruction. They have no spiritual pillar, no struggle, they are on the surface of pleasure, but the heart is hidden in deep sorrow. They have no spiritual pillar of traditional value concept of doubt, the life actually are tired, confused and depressed, they can not have a in a spiritual balance in a failed era. Wars bring psychological contrast and damage is an important reason for the "lost generation", also it is the novel"s plot specific background. Jack and this young group who stranded in Paris lived a mediocrity of life, their mental distress can go back to the war .

Love is also the main line of this work, the war brought to love is destruction, but people in the face of love never escape, even the remnants of the love, the incomplete love also can let people pay all. Jack and Brett love can not bear the pain and could not prevent them from loving each other, although they use different ways to express their own suffering, this is also a process of looking for the exit. They have never experienced this kind of love, but the reality is relentlessly to them towards the deformity of the abyss. They did not give up but face it. Also because of the clear heart they once escape. Finally they find that they have been in love, and nothing can be prevented, thereby obtaining spiritual liberation.

It is well known that Hemingway personally take part in the World War I, his physical and mental trauma undoubtedly gave Hemingway greatly affected, the war of Ernest Hemingway"s life created a decisive influence. As foreign correspondents, Hemingway found the ruins of post-war miserable scene. It reminds him of painful memories. Jack"s reporters identity and his injury will no doubt have Hemingway’s real experience. When Hemingway in the field hospital, he met a nurse, then they soon fell in love, and plans to get married, but the nurse has abandoned Hemingway who just returned to the United States, then Hemingway feel pain. When he returned his hometown,he is not suitable for the life filled with calm and dull, he feel depressed, anxious and pain. In 1992, he countered the reporter"s identity and he went to the European home to Paris. He travelled around Europe, he watched a bullfight, go on the skiing trip, boxing matches, fishing, drinking and he also did some writing. At this point, he does not find positions in survival, direction, goals and values. He still remember the war about the exciting life. And many veterans of the young people, although the war left them a scar, but the years of the war is can not erase the part of their life, they can"t forget the past, war broke them,but the war also created them.

4. Exploration of the Spiritual Home

The overall structure of the novels is the process of seeking the value of life and the meaning of life, and has found a role model for the study. The process of seeking meaning in a meaningless existence reflects the existence of existentialism and the idea of free choice, and it also reflects the desire of generation to pursue a happy life.

In the face of the absurd world, suffering and meaningless life, the “lost generation” are struggling to find a spiritual home. After the loss of all standards, they try to find their own living standards. The Sun Also Rises in which the hero is not a vague, comforting to reflect on the meaning of the infinite nothingness of life,but more like through every daily examples to overcome their fears of nothingness ,and try to seek from life significance.

How to live in a world of absurdity? This is a question that The Sun Also Rises to answer: there is still a need to continue to live a hard life. The matador Romero as an example, the protagonist Jack understand, their behavior control, although it is difficult,but possible. This is a way of life-precept and control their own, learn to endure the suffering of their own. He is not artificial, not give his his own. Jake not only knows the value of giving and feeling of sympathy,he has a sense of responsibility,understanding and forgiveness to respond to the request of friends to soothe their pain. He finally figured out how to live in this absurd world in the empty environment,despite Jake’s creative damage and suffering, but he is in the “live”actively discovery and create meaning and beauty, never discouraged,but continue to seek the life significance, this is the spirit of Hemingway’s “tough guy”. From the tragic fate of the noble beauty,motivate and inspire people in the absurd world of the performance of the people of the United States and the great power of human in nature.

Throughout Hemingway’s novel, we will find love,friendship and pleasure, especially when we watch bullfight is not simply to simulate, to escape from reality, but to inspire and awaken the sleeping hero will and spirit. (Sartre 98) This way of life can still inspire and encourage people when they meet the pain and pressure , they can struggle bravely and have a tenacious life today.

Jake in The Sun Also Rises doesn’t give up himself totally. At the end of the novel, we can see the author’s imaginative thoughts. As far as the eternal earth, no matter what happens, as always the sun still rises, for frustrated Jake, no matter what kind of pain hero suffered, life still continues. This may be Hemingway’s philosophy of doing things or the moral code, at least to a certain extent. Therefore, for modern people, a person must learn to calmly accept life and death,joys and sorrows. At the same time, we should learn to live in pain and pressure to find the beauty. At the end of the novel, behind the cheerful atmosphere of a hidden disillusionment,with a sad mood. But we can see, the hero Jake no longer escape, but can easily go sightly to face the cruelty of it. Sleeping spirit already awake, although not completely awake, but at least have been excited, it is no longer the absolute“lost”. Although Hemingway is a “lost generation”of the representative writers, but he can find out the meaning of life from the bull and love , and make it wake up the character’s sleeping will and spirit. The most exciting place in Hemingway’s novels is the combination of the two basic themes of the bull and the love and the environment of the times. (Su 90) It is a common condition to extract a human prevailing circumstance-confusion and awakening. Hemingway is the most realistic writer in the history of literature, he said “life is not used to be defeated”. So, though he finally gave up his life, how could he have lost his heart? In his works, we see more is a man who is afraid of seeing life passing easily in the ordinary, he is an effort to look for his own true will, he sees adventure and love us the most direct way and strive to awaken the sleeping spirit.

Someone in silence towards reality , someone to struggle towards reality, someone to despondency and treat the reality,but also to live in seclusion to avoid the reality. However, they in the anxious and depressed still thinking,still in search of, still looking for a kind of hope, this is we modern people should actively follow the way of life. In one of his important novels, Hemingway has created a “lost one”, the characters who struggle in the shadows of loneliness, failure and death .However,after understanding the absurdity and meaningless of life, they did not lose faith in the human subjectivity of value, nor pessimistic discouraged, brought to knees. On the contrary, they strive to create a mining and meaning of life in a world of nothingness. People have not fully accepted the post war chaos ethics, they try to return to the “standard” in the society. Therefore, Hemingway’s works can arouse people’s emotion, arouse people’s dignity and face the courage to face life, let people know the value of resistance, brave to take on the responsibility of the society.

In the face of the absurdity of the world, pain and meaningless life, wasteland are in hard to find a spiritual home. In all standard is lost, they tried to find their own living standards. There is a kind of inexplicable vacuum, there is a feeling of the specific things. Hemingway"s hero is not vague, comfort to think surrounded by infinite nothingness of meaning of life, but more like the everyday things in order and pure ceremony to overcome his fear of nothingness. In life and in creation, only this will give him meaning. Jack said, "How is the world, I don"t care. I just want to understand how to live it. Maybe if you know how to live in the world, you will understand how is the world .” Understand how to live in this world is to find meaningful life. From the perspective of the ideological consciousness of the works, this is a novel of latent topics, each person in the book are trying to look for meaning in the process of live and order and beauty.

Life of suffering make Brett became an alcoholic and indulgent woman, degenerated into a synonymous with her. However, she was not willing to the fate. She tried to find their own moral standards. Although Jack is incompetence, she always loves him, she abandoned Cohen after a short romantic days, mainly because Cohen was not manly. The most important is that at the end of the novel, she painfully refused and drove the matador that she loved, because she didn"t want to be a bad woman who spoil the young people. A series of moral choice gave her presence to the essence and the significance of the new. She became a person who believes in love and she knows how to love people. At least she is not a selfish person now.

Although the war let Jack, the hero of the novel, is full of a sense of disillusionment and pain, but the author designed a series of circumstances let him in action selection and gradually to find the true meaning of life. In the novel, Jack made an effort to have moral, and tried hard to go against with cruel reality. Although Jack is disabled, he can endure the suffering of his own, take control not cause trouble to others. This is entirely different from Mike or Cohen"s choice, they reveal the pain, even indulge willing downfall. Jack held such a standard: a person must pay some cost to their income, to earn money in exchange for the useful things. So although he felt his work is very boring, he always works very earnestly, through writing and writing, he makes himself live well. He understood the feelings of the value, giving and compassion of value. He spent money very carefully, but when his friend is in trouble, every time he is generous. Hemingway makes Jack found the correct way of life in a series of choices and actions, that is "tough guy spirit" which is in pain with dignity.

We can see that the novel overall structure is the hero and heroine seek the value of life and the meaning of life, and find the learning example. Hemingway advocated his hero in the selection, action to comply with certain standards make a person can maintain the dignity of the person in the hardships that made "grace under pressure". This is Hemingway"s "tough guy spirit". This way of life today can still motivate and inspire people when they meet the pain and pressure,they can struggle bravely.

5.Conclusion

Hemingway in many of his works are related to the theme “nothingness” (namely lost in thought). Nothingness in his novels mainly for death consciousness, suffering consciousness and consciousness of absurdity, he had a negative attitude towards the world because of the nothingness.Although side, but also has a “fight” on the other side (i.e “tough guy spirit”) and the protagonist in the theme of “nothingness” protest in his words is developing gradually, which is “Nihility”ingredients are less, “to fight” the composition is more and more. In this paper, by analysis of “tough and image” to reveal the theme.

Novels of “the lost generation” relentlessly reveals the modern American Society of dark side and all kinds of disturbing the contradictions and defects of social criticism and exposure to it has strong readability, fully reflects the theme of modernity and generates a more profound social impact. There is no doubt that the vigorous development of the “lost generation” novels not only the prospect of Anglo American modernist literature, even thinking the whole human life style plays a very positive role in promoting.

Works Cited

Alfred Karin, from “All the Lost Generation”, On Native Grounds, Harcourt

Brace Jovanovich, Inc. New York, 1970(5).

See Ernest Hemingway, The Sun Also Rises. New York: Scribner’s, 1954(6).

Stenbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath [Z], New York: Viking Press Compass edition,1958

Sartre, Jean Paul. Exist entidism is a Humanism [M], 1998.

Phillips.Larry.ed. Ernest Hemingway on Writing [C]. New York Charles 1984 陈世丹：《〈太阳照常升起〉中的人生哲学和艺术主张》，《辽宁师范大学学报》，2001。

[Chen Shidan.“The philosophy of life and artistic ideas in The Sun Also Rises”,Journal of Liaoning Normal University，2001]李振莲：《浅议“迷惘的一代”文学的历史成因及主流思想》，《广州师院学报》，2006。

[Li Zhenlian.“View of the literature causes and main ideas of the lost generation”，Journal of Guangzhou Teachers College，2006.]苏成全：《海明威的传奇人生与“迷惘的一代”》，《陕西师范大学继续教育学报》，2003。

[Su Chengquan.“The legendary life of Hemingway and the lost generation”,Journal of Further Education of Shanxi Normal University.2003.]

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