论文总字数：26476字
摘 要
网络流行语逐渐成为网络传播中一道独特的文化景观。语言是时代的反映，网络语言在一定程度上也是当前“网络时代”的反映，与现代人的生存方式和思维状态密切相关。网络语言作为一种新的语言现象出现并迅速发展，对现实生活产生了很大影响。与此同时，网络流行语反映了社会的形态和发展趋势。因而，随着互联网的高速发展，网络流行语的影响范围必将越来越大。在经济全球化的今天，如何在日常交流中理解和使用网络流行词语非常重要。网络流行语拥有流行性，明确，简单等特点。
在翻译时，应考虑到这些特征，灵活采用直译，意译，音译，混合和不译法。本文主要探讨网络流行语的构词法，流行语的特征和其翻译方法。
关键词：网络流行语；构词法；翻译
Contents
1. Introduction 1
2. Literature Review 2
3. The word-formation of Network Catchwords 3
3.1 Compounding 4
3.2 Derivation 4
3.3Abbreviation 5
3.4 Blending 5
4. Features of Network Catchwords 6
4.1 Popular 6
4.2 Succinct 7
4.3 Metaphor 7
4.4 Symbolic language 8
4.5 Nonstandard writing 8
5. Approaches to Translation of Network Catchwords 8
5.1 Literal translation 9
5.2 Free translation 9
5.3 Transliteration 10
5.4 Mixing translating 10
5.5 Not translating 10
6. Conclusion 11
Works Cited 13
1.Introduction
Since the inventionofcomputer in the 1950s and the emergence of Internet within the last 30 years，we have begun to embrace a brand new information age. The use of computers as a medium of communication has given birth to a new language phenomenon.
Owing to the development of computer technology and large capacity of information storage, especially the closely linked with online chatting activities of daily life, network catchwords are born and widely spread.
Internet is a global computer network, which is linked by the international telecommunication lines. Since its appearance, it is experiencing tremendous growth in the number of users, hosts, and domain names, which are the media most widely used. Internet is also known as “the net”, “the information superhighway”, and “cyberspace”.
Because there is no central computer and no central authority which controls Internet, it then grew into an academic site. Now science and education fields use it as an electronic library and as a way to exchange information through discussion groups. With the growth of economy, productivity, commercial communication, etc., people widely use Internet for information exchanges because it is convenient and timesaving. Meanwhile, with the wide use of Internet, Internet English, a new language variety with its own style, is emerging. As we know, all living languages are constantly changing with the appearance of neologisms everyday, so is Internet English. The Internet English neologisms include all the new words, phrases and language usages related to the emergence and application of the computer technology and network in the information age, which can be roughly divided into three categories: the first kind is the specialized terms related to computer and network; the second kind is the specialized terms related to network, or the new words produced with the development of network, for instance,cybercrime, e-cash, web TV, etc.; the third kind is netizens’ commonly used words and symbols in the chat room, e-mails and BBS.
The use of English language in the cyberspace is changing at a confounding pace.And with the popularity of Internet, English develops and changes as main language in Internet. The network brings new ideas and things to people every day and the new vocabulary produced by it is increased at the paces of 500 words every year. However, the dictionaries wrote by experts are far behind the appearing of the new network catchwords. In an effort to present a better understanding of network catchwords，conventions and culture，in order to find ways to develop communication competence and achieve effective communication, this paper deals with the characteristics of new network English words by analyzing their formation and the translation.
2.Literature Review
Language is a social phenomenon which has a very close relationship with the society. And that is to say, the emergence and development of words are all influenced by the society. Therefore, from the social point of view, we can observe that new words will appear constantly.
Allan Metcall, a professor of English published his book Predicting New Words: the Secrets of their Success in 2002 in the United States, wrote that “new words have been appearing in our language regularly for over a thousand years, but most of them vanish in short order. Especially doomed to obscurity are deliberate coinages, the words people invent to address a perceived need or to make a witty addition to our lexicon. Similarly, each day in the English language at least as many thousands of new words are born. Yet after a year’s time, only a few hundreds of these will remain as serious candidates for the dictionary and a place in our permanent vocabulary.” (Xu,56) There are three types of words in terms of their appearance and disappearance: old words, new words, and existing words. In the course of time old words die out, new words are added and existing words change their meanings. So the vocabulary of language is in a state of almost continuous change.
The rate of vocabulary changes varies according to the different periods. In the fourteenth century large numbers of French words were introduced into the English language. In the sixteenth century large numbers of new words were borrowed from Latin. In the nineteenth century the vocabulary of science and technology had greatly expanded. Today the vocabulary in the English language is still expanded at a rapid speed.
The Oxford Dictionary of New Words gives the definition of ‘neologism’, which is “a new word is any word, phrase, or sense that come into popular use or enjoyed a vogue in the given period.”The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th College Edition) gives its definition like this: “1.A new word, expression, or usage. 2. The creation or use of new words or senses. 3. Psychology a. The invention of new words regarded as a symptom of certain psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia. b. A word so invented. 4. Theology A new doctrine or a new interpretation of scripture.” In Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, “Neologism” is defined as “newly-invented word”, and in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, “a new word or expression, or a new meaning for an older word”.
In general, there are two main sources of new words in the English vocabulary. Modern science and technology, which is the most important source of new words, brings about the addition of countless new words. Political, economical and social changes are other important sources of new words. Their influence on the English vocabulary is as great as that of science and technology.
3.The word-formation of Network Catchwords
Generally speaking, the word-formation of English network catchwords follows the methods and principles of word-formation of standard English. However, it has formed some unique characteristics at the meantime, which gradually become the major trend in the development of English network catchwords. The new words in network English have inherited some traditional word-formation means, such as compounding, abbreviation, derivation and so on. But some neologisms have also come into being, which have been created in particular circumstances, quickly accepted by people and incorporated in modern English. The word-formation methods of English network catchwords will be introduced in the following parts respectively.
Most Internet English catchwords are formed in a traditional way, such as compounding, abbreviation. The Internet provides a space for individuals to freely create new words. The rapid spread of information on the Internet makes those new words well known among netizens. This part will explore the formation rules that English network catchwords will follow.
3.1 Compounding
Compounding is a popular method of creating English network catchwords which has become a more and more important way. Compounding is a process of word-formation by which two or more independent words are put together to make a new word. Words formed by compounding are called compounds. Moreover, the components were relatively independent and stood by themselves，compounding still remains its vitality in neologisms.
There are various ways to classify the compound words. For convenience, we can study the compounds in Internet English neologisms by sorting them out into the following categories:
(1)Open form. Open form refers to a new expression formed by two words and there is space between the two words. Such as: key pals; mouse potato; ankle biter; forced coolness; feature creature.
(2) Hyphenated form. Hyphenated form refers to the neologism formed by two words, which is connected by a hyphen. Such as the following words: internet-bar; computer-nerd; chat-fly; brain-dead; brick-and-mortar; drop-outs; drop-ins.
(3)Solid form. Solid form refer to a new word formed by two words but there is no space between them. Such as: wideband; vapourware; webmaster; netcop; networm.
3.2 Derivation
The derivation words are formed by adding affixes to the derivative roots. Derivation includes prefixes and suffixes. Different from compounds words，derivation can make the word class of the original word changed or unchanged. As a major word-building means, derivation is greatly applied in English network catchwords.
For example:
e-: shortening for “electronic” and also meaning “computer”. e-Business; e-Cash; e-Market; e-Shopping; e-Journal.
-ware: computing terms, meaning “software". Freeware; shareware; groupware; shovelware; donorware.
3.3 Abbreviation
Abbreviation is generally defined as the most important word-building means of current network English. It has not merely enriched the vocabulary of English, and has provided convenience for English netizens.
In Internet language, there are lots of neologisms formed in this way. And many words can be found in connection with computer, Internet or the information age.
There are examples:
(1) Abbreviation without numbers.
IT--- information technology LOL--- Laugh out loud
BTW--- By the way AFAIK--- As far as I know
(2) Abbreviation with numbers.
P2P--- Peer to peer B2B--- Business to business
B2C--- Business to Consumer Any1--- anyone
3.4 Blending
Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding which made by joining two or more forms but omitting at least part of one. This simple process has a number of variations, some quite complex. Words formed in this way are called blends or portmanteaus. English network catchwords formed by blending can be grouped to five categories: head word, head tail, word head, word tail, head head.
The examples are:
(1)head word: Emoticon---emotion icon
(2) head tail: netizen---network citizen
(3) word head: webcam---web camera
(4) word tail:netcast---net broadcast
(5) head head: telco---telephone company
4. Features of Network Catchwords
With the rapid social rhythm of life and development of media, people have more and more high expectations for the speed of information dissemination, especially while chatting online, people wish that they can be close to spoken communication at the pace, get rid of the traditional written language, and demonstrate great random. Letters, figures, symbols and types of facial make up can all be used as communicating material. Therefore, English network catchwords show some unique characteristics.
4.1 Popular
The popularity of network catchwords is mainly reflected in its word-formation of derivation and compounding. Netizens need the communication in the environment of Internet to be swift and brief，which to some extent, determine the popularity of Internet English. Especially, many believed that Internet English is written language with the characteristics of spoken language. So, the majority of the catchwords in Internet English are popular. Actually they are contractions of rich meanings to fit the high speed of information exchanges online. Once the key is grasped, these catchwords are easy to understand in the realistic usage. What is to say that network catchwords become popular and familiar to people very quickly.
4.2 Succinct
In the network, people communicate with each other through beating the keyboard. In order to transmit the information during the shortest time with accuracy and high speed at the same time, achieving the goal of exchanging effectively, people have to look for the most succinct expressions. Therefore, many abbreviation words come into being in the cyberspace. The special network technology vocabulary often takes the form of abbreviation too, so as to simplify the article, save printing space and reading time, thus meeting the requirements of the computer science and high-speed development of network technology. The common characteristics of these vocabularies are that the form is succinct, the meaning of a word is single, and there is no abundant association meaning，which helps the netizens get rid of the complicated and verbose terms, improve the speed of typing words.
4.3 Metaphor
The metaphor is an important mode of thinking for mankind. The metaphor thinking function of the language is the basis of the abstract function of the language. The metaphor is not the simple substitution or conversion of words. It compares the unknown to the known, the unfamiliar to the familiar, the simple to the complicated, the abstract to the concrete. In the scientific and technological language, the metaphor language is indispensable. Network catchwords include lots of specialized network technology vocabularies and computer vocabularies. These vocabularies are scientific and technological languages to a certain extent, so network English just has a characteristic of metaphor nature, such as computer virus, menu, memory, run. Therefore, under the function of the metaphor, the abstract concept is specified, complicated meaning is simplified, scientific term is popularized. What’s more，technological vocabulary of network English and usual life vocabulary are very close which can promote the development and popularization of Internet technology and computer knowledge to a great extent.
4.4 Symbolic language
Symbolic language is also called smiley or emoticons, which is another characteristic of network catchwords. To describe the Internet users’movement, emotion and figure in symbolic language can enrich the Internet with humanity, closer to the real exchange. Although symbol words do not express meanings through the change of the meaning of words, but they can express views through different associations, replacing the function of the language.It is the most unique expression way in the network catchwords.
4.5 Nonstandard writing
Because of the large quantities of new things, ideas, events，inventions happening in our daily life and lots of netizens surfing online to exchange ideas, the new Internet English catchwords are unavoidably expanding into large numbers at a high speed. As long as they can express meanings clearly, netizens tend to neglect some rules of grammar from time to time, in order to save time and accelerate the speed of communication.
As a result，the irregular usage of grammar is widely accepted and used by netizens.
5. Approaches to Translation of Network Catchwords
To translate the neologisms of network English, we should grasp its characteristic, as well as consider the aim of translation. The vocabulary of network English has various word-formation means, so we should adopt flexible translation methods on the basis of their different characteristics, thus transmitting the new connotations of the English words. In addition, translation is a purposeful activity. We should take corresponding method and follow its aim, express the meanings of the new words in cyberspace English faithfully, and reflect its key content in English in an all-round way. As to the translation of the network catchwords, at present，we mainly adopt “literal translation”, “free translation”, “transliteration”, “mixing translating”, “not translating”.
5.1 Literal translation
Literal translation, also called word-for-word translation, is ideally the segmentation of the SL text into individual words and TL rendering of those word-segments one at a time. Most so-called literal translations are in fact compromises with the ideal: looser renditions that replace individual SL words with individual TL words wherever possible, and cling as closely as possible to the SL word order in the TL. (Lin,87) When the literal meanings of the neologisms are very clear and easily acceptable to readers, literal translation can be taken.
For example:
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