论文总字数：26212字
摘 要
电影作为当今社会流行的文化载体，在各国之间的文化交流中起着重要作用，随着国家和地区之间文化交流的日益频繁电影字幕翻译也逐渐受到重视.一部好的电影需要字幕准确地使目标受众可以与源获得观众的观众同样的意义.根据美国著名的翻译家尤金奈达的功能对等理论，本文分析了奈达的功能对等理论在英文电影《星球大战8：最后的绝地武士》中文字幕翻译的可行性和必要性.基于英文电影《星球大战8：最后的绝地武士》中文字幕翻译，从语言、风格和文化等方面分析电影中的功能对等理论，从而使观众更好地理解和欣赏电影作品. 本研究对传达中国文化，实现跨文化交际目的，具有借鉴意义.
关键词：电影字幕翻译；功能对等理论；《星球大战8：最后的绝地武士》
Contents
1. Introduction 1
2. Literature Review 1
2.1 An overview on Functory theory 1
2.2 An overview of the study of the movie Star WarsⅧ: The Last Jedi 3
3. Functional Equivalences in Subtitle Translation of Star WarsⅧ 4
3.1 Stylistic equivalence 4
3.2 Cultural equivalence 6
3.3 Linguistic equivalence 8
4. Conclusion 11
Works Cited 12
- Introduction
As an important media to convey culture, movie plays an important role in cultural exchanges between different nations and countries. With the deepening of cultural exchanges all over the world, foreign films have been introduced into the domestic market. In view of the differences between language and culture, the importance of subtitle translation is particularly important if Chinese audiences want to better understand and appreciate foreign films. The quality of a movie’s translation directly affects the audience’s understanding of the movie. Subtitle translation is a special form of literature between film and literature. A good film needs to be fitted with an accurate subtitle translation to enable the target audience to gain the same story as the source language audience. In addition to having good source language and the ability to organize the target language, the translators who are engaged in subtitle translation need to have a full understanding of the culture so that the idea and connotation of the source language in the film can be expressed in an accurate and vivid target language. This paper analyzes the application of the subtitle translation of the English film Star WarsⅧ from the perspective of Nida’s functional equivalence translation theory.
- Literature Review
2.1 An overview of functional equivalence theory
2.1.1 The definition of the functional equivalence theory
Nida explains the concept of dynamic equivalence in the book translation theory and practice. The so-called dynamic equivalence means that the recipient’s response to the translation is basically the same as the response of the original receiver to the original text. The final criterion for judging the quality of translation is based on three aspects: enabling readers to understand the original information correctly, namely, faithful text, easy to understand, and proper form to attract readers (Nida, 12). Therefore, he advocated that translation should not be bound by the language forms in the original language, and should be equivalent to the original language in content, not in the form of verbal harm. Since the expression of dynamic equivalence is easy to cause misunderstanding, Nida later changed dynamic equivalence to functional equivalence in another book. Functional equivalence, while highlighting the transmission of text content, also proposes the pursuit of formal correspondence as much as possible, and points out that form is also a part of information. The connotation of dynamic equivalence and functional equivalence is basically the same. Both of them emphasize that the responses of target language recipients to the target language information are basically the same as those of the source receiver. Screenplay is a form of literary works. Therefore, the translation of lines is also a branch of literary translation, which must follow the general criteria of literary translation. However, the film is a combination of sound and picture, which is different from literary genres, such as novels, essays, and other literary genres. So the translation of movie lines has become a special field of literary translation.
2.1.2 The features of the functional equivalence theory
Subtitle translation is the process of concentrating or simplifying the original language presented in the form of spoken language into a written form in the process of interlingual information transmission. Film translation belongs to literary translation and literary translation, which generally have the same point, it has its own characteristics:
Firstly, it is instantaneous. The biggest constraints of subtitle translation are the restrictions of time and space. The subtitle must be dialogue, action and screen synchronization. With screen switching, rapid replacement of words must meet the reading needs of the audience, not like reading books, it is not allowed to add notes; Secondly, it is popular. As a popular art film, the subtitle translation should be smoothly and easily to understand; Thirdly, it is comprehensive. The film is a comprehensive art. The language of the characters in the film is interrelated and complementary to the movements and the dynamic pictures. In short, the translation of subtitles should not only be simple, popular and fully express the meaning of the film, but also take into account the movements and expressions of the characters in the film(Qian 61-62). Because of the above characteristics of movie subtitle translation, translators should not only guarantee the accuracy and vividness of translation, but also enable the target audience to cross the language and culture barriers, and get the connotations of the movie to be transmitted through subtitle translation, so as to finally achieve cross-cultural communication. As explained by Nida’s functional equivalence theory, subtitle translation should not rigidly adhere to the form of the source language, but should be based on the correct understanding of the source language, according to the communicative function of the target language requirements, the selection of the source language information, effectively achieve the purpose of translation.
2.2 An overview of the study of the movie Star WarsⅧ: The Last Jedi
Star Wars: The Last of the Jedi is the eighth of Star Wars series, is a sci-fi action film produced by the Lucas film company, directed by Ryan Johnson, John Poyega Oscar, Daisy Ridley, Isaacs, Adam Drew, Mark Hamill, starring Kelly Fisher. The film was shown in the United States in December 15, 2017 and was shown in China in January 5, 2018.
The Last Jedi, followed by Star Wars: Awakening of the force, tells the story of the first order in the distant Milky way after attacking the main star of the New Republic. After destroying terrorist Starkiller base, Lei went lonely to distant galaxies, looking for the reclusive Luke Skywalker. Then she accepts the force in his training under the guidance of an epic adventure at the same time, the ancient secret of the force, to explore the unknown past. Fenn, Bo Dameron and the first order are facing more fierce counterattack between justice and evil organization under a new round of confrontation.
Lei is the heroine, played by actor Daisy Ridley. Lei was abandoned by her family in Jabu, when he was young, and grew up in a tough environment to become an able pilot and fighter. As the strong force of the body slowly awakened, Lei went to the planet of Akto in search of the final hope of saving the resistance, one of the only Jedi Master of the galaxy, Luke Skywalker. In finding the end of this legendary hero’s journey, the person she found is totally different from her expectation. In the reconstruction of the Jedi was a disaster destroyed, Luke disappear from the Milky Way, self imposed exile from a planet. Now, the resistance groups anxious to return their reclusive hero, help them to fight against the evil army. Fenn is the hero and is played by actor John Poyega. Fenn from the first army defected to join the resistance, and the former comrades and friends become enemies with each other. He will face the first Legion fight to win or die resistance. The first army and the resistance organization broke out the all-around war, and the brave ace fighter Bo Dameron stepped forward. Bo Dameron was bold and resolute but independent. He not only frightened the enemy, but even the general of resistance organization had no way to deal with it. After a battle with the junkmen Lei, Kellogg Glenn focus again, to destroy the resistance. Although his dark force is becoming more and more powerful, but he still needs to prove elusive from their supreme leader.
For now, there is no article from the perspective of functional equivalence to explore the subtitle translation of the film. So the research in this area is worth our thinking.
- Functional Equivalences in Subtitle Translation of Star WarsⅧ
3.1 Stylistic equivalence
Though translation should focus on the content and meaning of the original text, that doesn’t mean that form and style are not important. In the book “language, culture and translation”, Nida divides functional equivalence into “highest level of equivalence” and “lowest level of equivalence”. Among them, Nida holds that in the source language of the conflict of content and form, taking content and giving up form is an impossible method. This method can reach the lowest level at most, and if the information content is equal, the form can correspond to the source language, and the translation may reach the highest level of equivalence. Due to the colloquial features in the language style of the characters in the film, and the corresponding representativeness, it can reflect the character and educational level of the speaker. Therefore, in the translation of the subtitle, the language should be easily understood, natural and fluent, and also analyze the character and image of the specific characters. The author should make the translation real and proper, and keep the same style in the style of language and character as possible. Then the author will talk about some translation methods to achieve the stylistic equivalence.
3.1.1 Omission
Some words or sentences are essential in English, but if they are translated, it will affect the simplicity and smoothness of the translation because of the differences in grammatical structure, expression and rhetorical means between the two languages of English and Chinese. Therefore, in the process of translating the Chinese into English, in order to make the translation more concise and more in line with the Chinese way of expression, some words need to be omitted. However, we must pay attention to the fact that omission is not to delete certain contents in the original text, but to make the translation more clear.
Examples:
Wait, wait, wait, slow down. 等一下, 慢点。
We gotta take out that cannon. Right? 干掉那座激光炮。
Whoo! I like this! 我喜欢！
Well, well, well. She drew ’em off! All of ’em! 哎呀！她把它们全引开了！
Move, move, move! Get out of the way! 快走...让开！
In this film, omission is used for contents that are without actual meaning. In English, people often use “well”, “whoo” and other superfluous words to keep the conversation flow naturally, such as tag questions, repetitions and so on. In Chinese, it can be omitted.
3.1.2 Addition
Addition is a way to increase the content of supplementary translation to meet the needs of target readers. Since English and Chinese have different ways of thinking, language habits and expressions, in order to make the translation more consistent with the context and pragmatic habits of the target language, the translation needs to add some words, short sentences or sentences in order to express the meaning of the text more accurately. On the one hand, through the enhancement of translation, we can effectively guarantee the complete structure of the translation, and on the other hand, we can ensure that the meaning of the translation is clear.
Example 1:
Luke: Strike me down in anger and I’ll always be with you.
Just like your father.
卢克：要是你满怀愤怒，把我杀了，我会永远缠着你。
就像你父亲那样缠着你。
In the movie, Luke was Ben’s teacher. But something happened between Luke and Ben. There is a misunderstanding between them. Ben hated Luke for what Luke did to him. And Ben killed his own father. So Luke said those sentences. The translator adds “那样缠着你” can express the film more vividly and also fit with Chinese audience more.
Example 2:
Leia: They"ve tracked us through lightspeed.
莉亚: 他们通过我们的光速撤离轨迹追踪到了我们。
In the example, “轨迹” is added into Leia’s speech. Leia and her team was in the spacecraft. It is impossible to track the spacecraft through the speed of light. Only through the trace of light can it be traced to the spacecraft. Therefore, in this place, the translator adds “轨迹” to to make the sentence logical.
3.2 Cultural equivalence
Different countries, different regions and different nationalities have their own culture. For translators, the most difficult thing is not simply text translation, but the dissemination of cultural information contained in text. As far as the film is concerned, the film is a combination of sound and painting. After watching the movie, different people feel different meanings in the same movie. As for the translators of film subtitles, we should not only show their literal meaning as much as possible, but also convey the cultural meaning between the lines in the subtitles to the audience in the language of the language. The use of Chinese idioms can increase the impressiveness of the language and allow the Chinese audiences to remember the film plots deeper and appreciate the film better.
3.2.1 The use of Chinese idioms
Language is the carrier of culture. Idioms are phrases or sentences with special focus on cultural information. Idioms, including common saying and proverbs, are a special form of language. It has a concise, rich and vivid expression, and covers the contents of geography, history, religious belief and daily life. It has a strong cultural feature and is the essence of language. Idioms are more typical than other languages in reflecting the cultural characteristics of language. It is more important to use Chinese idioms to translate.
Example 1:
General Hux: They can"t get away, Supreme Leader. We have them tied on the end of a string.
赫克斯将军：他们跑不掉的，最高领袖.他们绝对逃不出我们的手掌心。
This sentence is from Hux, who is a general of Villain. In a war, his army lost some turrets. So the supreme leader was very angry. Hux was afraid of the supreme leader. Hux comforted the supreme leader that the enemy can’t get away. And in fact, their enemy was in a bad condition. Taking into the situation of the war, the Chinese idiom “绝对逃不出我们的手掌心” can better express Hux’s emotion of hating his enemy.
Example 2:
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