第二语言习得中教师应具有的技能及品质

论文总字数：30456字

摘 要

本论文以研究新课改要求下的小学英语课堂词汇教学为主。

小学英语教材是针对小学生的年龄特点设计的，基本上是单词，简短的对话和小文章为主。因此，单词教学成了小学英语教学的重中之重。在词汇教学中，教师要保证学生理解词汇。词汇学习不仅包括记忆单词，也包括运用单词，而且包含能够在特殊语境下把握单词意思的能力。小学英语单词教学是一项长期系统的教学活动,需要教师加强"听,说,读,写"为顺序的英语单词专项教学,让学生自主提高基础能力。因此,当进行小学英语单词教学时,对于教师来说学会从词汇本身特征出发,积极营造趣味的教学氛围,保证各项教学活动能够有效满足学生单词学习的需求是十分重要的。

关键词：小学英语教育；新课改；词汇教学；教学技巧

Contents

1. Introduction………………………………………………………………1
2. Literature Review…………………………………………………………2

2.1 The Requirements of new curriculum reform……………………………...3

1. Problems in Vocabulary Teaching and Learning………………………...4

3.1 Problems of teachers……………………………………………………….5

3.2 Problems of students…………………………………………………….......6

3.3 Problems in word memory………………………………………………...7

1. Solutions to Problems in Vocabulary Teaching and Learning……….8

4.1 Appropriate teaching methods………………………………………………8

4.2 Effective methods of memory……………………………………………..9

4.3 Correct concepts of vocabulary learning………………………………….10

5. Advantages of Successful Vocabulary Teaching and Learning………..11

5.1 Improvement of teaching efficiency……………………………………12

5.2 Improvement of learning ability…………………………………………13

6. Conclusion………………………………………………………………...14

Works Cited…………………………………………………………………...15

1. Introduction

English teachers have to do more because of the release of the new curriculum reform. In the past, vocabulary teaching only asked students to memorize and repeat mechanically, but students were difficult to understand what they had learnt, and the effect of memory was inefficient. Children enter the classroom happily, but leave with their faces in grief. Learning English words should not be a burden on students, but rather an assister for them to learn English. The New Curriculum Reform emphasizes that English teaching and children’s life should be closely bound up. Teachers have to create interesting situations, and carry on classroom activities about vocabulary. The purpose of vocabulary teaching is to make students be interested in English and have faith in learning it well. In this report, we will study and discuss how to correct students" rote learning, mechanical repetition and other wrong learning habits, and create real-life situations to make word classroom teaching interesting and effective. It is important for teachers to improve their teaching mode, choose appropriate teaching methods, create actual teaching situations, etc., and effectively improve students" ability to learn English words.

2. Literature Review

Lexicology as a relatively independent linguistic subject has gradually gained attention in the West since 1990s. Vocabulary was considered to be an important branch in linguistics. The advent of several lexicological monographs and the publication of the journal Lexicology since the 1990s are enough to show that "lexical science" has gained a place in modern linguistics. These foreign research results produce a deep inspiration for the study of English lexicology in China. There has been a new situation in the study of linguistics in our country since 1990s. The study of lexicology is even more dominant. The study of lexicology is leading in the world. Since the important position of vocabulary teaching in English teaching has been recognized, the domestic education community has conducted extensive discussions on the topic of English vocabulary teaching. (Lewis,M 12)

Many scholars and teachers abroad have placed vocabulary research and education in foreign languages in a very significant status. With the development of international communication, more and more people, especially the majority of students, are beginning to realize the significance of words teaching and learning. However, the learning and mastery of English vocabulary has become the barriers of the majority of students, and has become the biggest obstacle for them to learn English. English teachers have to know how to overcome the obstacle. Therefore, I believe that vocabulary teaching in primary school is a valuable research topic.

2.1 The requirements of the new curriculum reform

I used to be a substitute teacher in Huai’an Experimental Primary School. I often heard teachers to complain:“I taught my students 8 words yesterday, but they can’t remember half of those words.” I found they were still in the model of teaching of the past when I watched their class. They missed the point of the new curriculum so that they couldn"t make their students remember words well in class. They paid attention to teaching words but neglected the students’ response. It is necessary for them to teach students under the requirements of the new curriculum reform about vocabulary teaching.

The new curriculum reform has shifted the focus of primary school English teaching to primary school students because primary school students occupy an absolute dominant position in primary school English teaching. Primary school English teaching is mainly to guide primary school students to learn English well and make them be more and more interested in learning English. Let primary school students learn vocabulary on their own initiative. In the lower grades of elementary school,teachers should aim at teaching words. According to the age characteristics of students, we should use a variety of teaching forms to stimulate their interest in English learning and mobilize their enthusiasm to achieve an effective English class. Teachers should choose and use appropriate teaching methods, each method should have its own characteristics and usage requirements for different teaching purposes, such as intuitive teaching method, game teaching method and total physical response method. Teachers should fully understand and master different teaching methods, create suitable situations, and connect teaching theories with practice to teach words. Starting from the characteristics of the vocabulary itself. It is clearly stated in the teaching objectives in this document : primary school English learning must be able to meet the "four sessions" standard. Students have to master the basic English word spelling and pronunciation rules, and be able to master a certain number of English words and word idioms. Therefore, elementary school English word teaching must learn to start from the characteristics of the vocabulary itself, and guide students to master rich vocabulary and efficient vocabulary learning methods.

3. Problems in Vocabulary Teaching and Learning

3.1 Problems of teachers

During my internship at Huai"an Experimental Primary School, I found that the atmosphere of the classroom of the teachers who had been working for a long time is not very active . Because they are overconfident, they carry on with teaching work from experience without considering that English teaching methods are developing. In the longterm teaching process, English teachers have accumulated a lot of methods of teaching words, some of which have even been ingrained in the brains of many primary school teachers and students, and are considered to be a universal creed. Many English teachers often lack the correct understanding when they choose or reject a method of dealing with vocabulary. They often make decisions based on personal experience or the so-called “truth” passed down from generation to generation. Many English teachers will not hesitate to object to students learning words out of context, or to classify words in synonymous or antisense relationships to help students remember words. (Wu 1)

3.2 Problems of students

Some students have difficulty in words learning practice because of the following reasons. The first is lacking of persistent learning attitude and learning spirit. The second is that there is no scientific learning methods. They don"t rely on syllables and pronunciation rules and see the word table as isolated memory. The third is that they think they need to master a large number of words if they want to learn English well. The fourth is that some students don’t speak English in their daily life because Chinese can express what they want to express well. The fifth is that the teachers lack systematic knowledge of vocabulary teaching, so students can"t study words systematically and firmly.

It is normal that elementary school children are not interested in English learning. They tend to be distracted in classroom. If they are taught too many words, they will be in trouble because their minds are not mature enough to remember so many words. It is normal for students to be eager to leave their classrooms if the English class is not interesting. Students tend to make noise in class and keep asking teachers questions. They are easily been influenced by others. They are angels when they are obedient, and demons when they are noisy. Many English words can be memorized well by students, but students tend to have the problem if they select some similar words at the same time, they would be confused. For example, tomato"s word structure is very similar to potato"s, but in fact one refers to tomato and the other refers to potato. If the students do not understand the two English words, then the word memory confusion is easy to occur in the actual learning process.

3.3 Problems in word memory

During my time at Huai"an Experimental Primary School, I found that students were always suffering when they were remembering words. Primary school students are used to choosing mechanical memory. Mechanical memory method is based on the external connection of things, does not require understanding of meaning, adopts a simple and repeated way. Mechanical memory is often used for meaningless materials such as historical dates, phone numbers, foreign language words, chemical element symbols, and so on. The characteristics of mechanical memory: it does not require understanding the meaning of the material, not paying attention to the past knowledge and experience. Mechanical memory is often inadequate. Because it does not understand the meaning of things and does not relate to existing knowledge, new knowledge is difficult to incorporate into the cognitive structure of individuals and is not easy to melt into personal knowledge. Therefore, the memory effect is poor, time-consuming, and fast forgotten without effect. Students don"t have the habit of reviewing, so even they remember well in the beginning, they will soon forget.

The essence of memorizing words is to input the sound, shape and meaning of a word into the brain and form a solid information element. When people remember words, they use traditional memory methods. By repeating the sound and shape of words to enhance the impression, the memory method is more singular and boring, but in general, as long as a lot of time is spent, traditional memory can make learners achieve good memory results. Although these methods are mature, they also have defects. For example, natural phonics does not guarantee that each time you can spell correctly, it is easy to make students have memory confusion. Moreover, when the amount of the store of vocabulary is large, it is inevitable for students to feel terrified, so it often forms the phenomenon of “remembering fast and forgetting fast” .

4. Solutions to Problems in Vocabulary Teaching and Learning

4.1 Appropriate teaching methods

The formation of English vocabulary has specific laws to follow. Mastering the laws of word formation is equivalent to cracking the mystery of English vocabulary. Many scholars have made researches on the formation of English words and got significant rules. Therefore, it is incorrect for teachers to teach students to learn vocabulary without rules. They can"t let students memorize words in a random way. This will make students lose enthusiasm for learning words because there are thousands of English words they have to master. Students can"t learn words by simple memory. On the contrary, teachers should let children recognize the importance of word formation and focus on mastering the word formation skills in the classroom, so that children will have the ability to memorize words flexibly under the guidance of these rules. This can effectively improve the quality of English vocabulary teaching in primary schools, and can enable students to master the skills of learning words, and then make students learn words effectively. (Cai 176).`

For primary school students, Chinese is their enlightenment. Therefore, primary school students depend on the rules of Chinese learning, but the English learning rules are neglected. Children in primary school don’t have the enthusiasm for learning English words. Learning English vocabulary is often hindered by Chinese teaching knowledge, and it is believed that Chinese language is easier to learn than English language, and it is more suitable for learning. Therefore, primary school English teachers should use effective teaching models to change the mindset of primary school students according to their psychological characteristics. In primary school English vocabulary teaching, teachers can use different teaching approaches according to different educational aims. To teach vocabulary well, it is necessary for teachers to use appropriate methods to make students be active in learning words. Let primary school students remember words without stress.

There are five typical vocabulary teaching methods. The first is to create situations to make children be interested in vocabulary learning. Colorful life is the source of our teaching material. Therefore, we must take full advantage of the educational material from the beautiful life and guide to learn English knowledge in the background of the beautiful life, taste the language charm of English, experience the joy of learning English through creating real situations, and enjoy the freedom of communication. For example, when teaching the word "in", the teacher puts the pen in the desk and says:" in the desk"; put the pen in the book and say:" in the book"; put the pen in a student"s hand and say:" in your hand". When the pen is placed in the bag, the student can quickly say it in the bag. The second is game teaching strategy. Primary school students are very active and like games, so the game is properly added to the vocabulary teaching. Common games include listening to sounds, guessing words, reading words, guessing words, and other interesting activities. Games are activities that students love. When vocabulary teaching, using games can arouse the enthusiasm of students" thinking, and also enhance the fun of vocabulary teaching. The boring teaching content will become interesting by game activities. Playing games can attract students to be actively devoted to words study. It meets the psychological characteristics of primary school students and helps to make children have the interest in learning words. Students will consciously devote themselves to vocabulary learning. The third is to teach with children’s songs. Teacher can play songs before class. Singing English songs that have already been learned, students will become active and happy in such relaxed atmosphere, and soon enter the state of learning. Students can quickly accept the new content. As the practice proves, music helps students relax and speed up their memory. The fourth is to make full use of physical objects to increase the accuracy of vocabulary teaching. Primary school students have a characteristic, that is, the intuitive physical thing is remembered more firmly. Teachers can make the best of the real thing, so that children can master English vocabulary in a very intuitive way. If students are studying" is this a...?" Let a student close his eyes and touch something that is given to him, then ask him “Is this a...” and the student judges and answers “Yes, it is.” or “No, it isn’t.” After the correct answer, hand it over to the next student. This kind of teaching strategy can fully enhance children"s passion for vocabulary learning. The fifth is phonics. In order to help pupils learn English vocabulary better and faster, teachers can use natural phonics to enhance pupils" vocabulary learning ability so that students can more fully grasp English spelling skills and English pronunciation rules. The application of natural phonics in primary English teaching has important teaching assistant significance, and it also has a positive effect on students" interest in Vocabulary learning. On this basis, teachers can use natural phonics in primary English teaching.

There are other vocabulary teaching strategies. It is important for teachers to make the right choice to use fit approaches on the basis of students’ traits and teaching content. Teachers should pay attention to cultivating students" ability to infer meanings in context, and consciously present vocabulary in context in teaching design, and teach vocabulary by combining sentence patterns. This is a necessary method to learn English words. Incorporating vocabulary into sentences can make children understand the implications of vocabulary in sentences without mistakes, and make pupils have the language sense in learning English. Teaching is an art. There is a law in teaching, and there is no law in teaching. In the process of vocabulary teaching , we should follow the rules of teaching, the law of physical and mental development of primary school students, and combine teaching objects with the characteristics of materials. It is necessary for teachers to constantly create new teaching methods according to pupils" psychological characteristics and life. The vocabulary teaching strategy is to enhance students" interest. In short, effective vocabulary teaching methods should be colorful, which greatly motivates students to learn, guides students to pay attention to vocabulary and develop good memory habits.

4.2 Effective methods of memory

Some primary school students have poor memory because their minds are not mature enough. They are afraid of memorizing words. It is important for children in elementary school to use appropriate memory methods when they are learning English vocabulary.

There are three effective methods of memory. The first is episodic memory. It is difficult for students to understand learning contents if their teachers only explain without the connection with life. If teachers create a family life situation and let the students play some roles when teaching vocabulary about family members, it is easy for students to understand and memorize words. In this way, students are not passively accepting knowledge, but actively assimilating the new material.The meaning of vocabulary is so impressive that students can remember these words well. The second is to repeat words aloud to deepen students’ impression. This step is tedious but necessary because students are easily distracted in class. This method can let children focus on the words they are learning. Repeated reading aloud helps pupils correct their pronunciation and have the impression of the spelling of vocabulary. The third is to build word association. For example, the teacher says a word,e.g. Travelling. These children then have to speak out all the words they can think of connected with travelling. (Wang 127).

There are other strategies for vocabulary memory. Famous British linguist D. A. Wilkins said: "Without grammar, people can"t express a lot of things; without words, people can"t express anything. ” (Wilkins 110). The law of memory tells us that the excitatory stimulation of the brain produces higher memory efficiency. In the teaching process, teachers should skillfully use cards to create visual and intuitive teaching situations, so that students" brains are excited. Teaching words can not be separated from practice, consciously create some exercises. Practice activities can get twice the result with half the effort. A student will use English well if he know enough words. It is significant for students in elementary school to master the methods of remembering words.

4.3 Correct concepts of vocabulary learning

The focus of primary school English vocabulary teaching is to make children be able to read words, master learning methods and strategies, and cultivate good learning habits. Teachers ought to find that word teaching is a longterm process of accumulation. According to the students" psychology and age characteristics, the teaching method should be adopted to effectively improve the effectiveness of English vocabulary teaching and the English learning ability of primary school students. Teachers can straightly guide children to form right word learning concepts through classroom teaching. They can also learn about students" vocabulary learning concepts through questionnaires and interviews, and then let students know whether their learning concepts are correct through discussion. It is important for teachers to take action to continue to cultivate children"s passion for learning English. Because children in elementary school have limited understanding about English and their own learning ability is relatively poor. Therefore, in the teaching process, primary school English teachers should always adhere to the principle of equal emphasis on vocabulary and students" memory quality.

Interest is the best teacher, and this is the unchanging truth. The primary school students" interest in the subject teacher directly affects their interest in this course. When students learn form the correct vocabulary learning concept, they will actively seek and use their own vocabulary learning strategies to guide learning, so that they can get twice the result with half the effort. Every word is a single individual, but there are many connections between different words. In the overall designation of teaching programs, teachers have to strengthen the links between elementary school English and junior high school English, especially in the sixth grade primary school English and junior high school English should be more connected, so that primary school students will be better adapt to junior high school English after entering junior high school.(Gao 112)

Teachers must adhere to a pleasant teaching method that allows students to taste, touch, hear, watch, and feel everything they need，sing, dance, play games, make role-play, etc., so that students can concentrate on the vocabulary learning. Meanwhile teachers should also devote themselves to protecting students" self-esteem and enhancing students" self-confidence.

To continuously improve the efficiency of words teaching, teachers need to constantly change their teaching theories and approaches, choose a more appropriate pattern, view students as the main position of learning, guide students to take the initiative to learn vocabulary, and continuously develop students" learning ability. With the development of the study of quality education, teacher"s educational theories and methods also keep updating. It is critical for teachers to esteem children’s status in teaching because students should have a full voice to express themselves. Teachers are the participants and the instructors who assist students in vocabulary learning. Teachers must continuously explore the potential of children because children in elementary school will get comprehensive development.

5. Advantages of Successful Vocabulary Teaching and Learning

5.1 Improvement of teaching efficiency

Most language learners study another language by starting with vocabulary and the learning of vocabulary seems to accompany a learner throughout the English learning process. Knowing a word means knowing its pronunciation, stress, spelling, grammatical properties, meaning, how and when to use it to express the intended meaning. (Wang 145)

In the actual teaching of English, vocabulary teaching is an indispensable content, the basis of English teaching, and the critical and tough point. Only by grasping this key point and breaking through this difficulty can we lay a solid foundation for English teaching. In order to improve the effectiveness of English words teaching in elementary schools, teachers should actively create English learning situations, enhance the intuitiveness of English vocabulary teaching, and adopt a variety of drill methods to improve children" s interest and enthusiasm for learning, and guide students to master and learn vocabulary. Students develop good habits of learning and remembering vocabulary, thus improving the efficiency and quality of students" English vocabulary learning. The content of English teaching is comparatively abstract, and classroom teaching is also relatively boring. For this reason, in the English teaching of primary school, teachers should put the interest of stimulating students to learn English, which is a very important part to guide students to learn English well. Because interest is the key to learning a good course, only when there is interest in learning, will there be more power. This requires teachers to mobilize the passion and initiative of children to learn words as a breakthrough in our English teaching reform, and to innovate the English teaching model.

5.2 Improvement of learning ability

Students will improve their English learning competence. The point of the new curriculum reform of English teaching in elementary schools is to transform the traditional English curriculum teaching activities. The focus is on the cultivation of students" interest in curriculum learning, focusing on the combination of life and English learning activities. Students can form good learning habits and develop self-learning ability in the process of participation, experience and cooperation. (Feng 130) The primary school English vocabulary teaching from the perspective of core literacy can enhance students" English learning ability and enhance the cultivation of students" self-cultivation and humanistic care, so that students can have independent exhibition, teamwork, cooperative participation and innovative practice ability. In the process of vocabulary teaching, teachers ought to fully respect the students" main position in teaching activities, guide their learning ways in a timely manner, promote their personal behavioral ability, and realize the requirements of teaching and educating.

6. Conclusion

Vocabulary learning is the foundation of English learning, only a solid foundation can lead to longterm development. Effective vocabulary teaching should be rich and colorful, which can greatly mobilize students" interest in learning English, guide students to master and learn words well, and help students develop good habits of learning and remembering vocabulary. The methods and forms of vocabulary learning are diverse. Teachers and students have to bear their respective responsibilities in English teaching and learning. Let all children love English learning is the ultimate goal of the new curriculum reform. However, the gap in the quality of urban and rural teaching often leads to the inability of rural children to learn English vocabulary effectively. Therefore, we should also create different English vocabulary teaching models according to the teacher"s teaching level and students" learning ability. As English educators, we should be committed to developing more and more scientific vocabulary teaching methods to under the guidance of the new curriculum reform in the future.

Works Cited

Lewis, M. The Lexical Approach. Boston, MA press. 2002.

Wilkins,David A. Linguistics in Language Teaching. Cambridge,MA;MIT press. 1972.

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