An Interpretation of Emily’s tragic life
in “A Rose for Emily”
By Yue Haiyan
In partial fulfillment of the requirement
For the B. A. degree
Department of English
Collage of Liberal Arts
Nanjing University of Information Science amp; Technology
May, 2018
Acknowledgments
This paper was completed under the careful guidance of my supervisor Prof. Zhao Yamin. She has profound knowledge, rigorous attitude to study and excellent work style. Not only did she help me to select the direction and the title of my paper, but also she gave me many reasonable suggestions and research methods. Besides, in the process of writing the paper, many problems were encountered. Under the patience of the teacher, the problems were solved effectively. So here, I would like to show her my highest respect and sincere thanks!
In addition, I also want to show my appreciation to the other teachers and friends who helped me in the course of writing this paper.
Contents
Abstract. 1
1. Introduction. 2
1.1 About the author . 2
1.2 About the story 2
2. The background of the writing 2
3. The causes of Emily’s tragic life 2
3.1 The persecution of patriarchy and male-dominated society . 3
3.2 Feminine morality of Puritanism and people’s views on aristocracy 5
3.3 Social reforms and the decline of the aristocrats 7
3.4 Emily's incomplete resistance 9
4. Conclusion 10
An Interpretation of Emily’s tragic life
in “A Rose for Emily”
Yue Haiyan
Department of English
Collage of Liberal Arts
Nanjing University of Information Science amp; Technology
Abstract: “A Rose for Emily” is William Faulkner’s famous short story. In this story, the author describes a female character that exudes a tragic atmosphere in all her life. She is an aristocratic old maid, living in the small town of Jefferson in the south of the United States. Later, she poisons her lover because of his betrayal. Then, she spends the rest of her tragic lifetime sleeping with a corpse. This paper makes an analysis of Emily’s tragedy from four main causes: first, the discrimination, oppression and domination over women by the male-dominated society and paternalism in American South; Second, feminine morality of Puritanism and people’s views on aristocracy, which deprive women of normal rights; third, the economic decline of the south and social reforms; fourth, lack of thoroughness in Emily’s resistance. Due to these causes, Emily becomes so desperate that she eventually has to murder her lover in order to secure the female-subject position.
Key words: Emily; tragedy; patriarchy; puritanism; social changes
摘要：《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》是威廉福克纳的短篇小说，在故事中，福克纳描写了一个悲剧性的女性角色----艾米丽，她是生活在南方杰佛逊小镇的一位贵族淑女，后来因为情人背弃爱情而将其毒害，余生与尸首为伴，孤独凄惨地过了一生的隐居生活。本文主要从四个方面分析艾米丽的悲剧人生：南方社会根深蒂固的男权思想对女性的歧视、压迫和统治；清教思想下，妇女观和贵族观的束缚使女性不能享有正常的权利；美国社会发生了巨大变化,南方经济衰落；以及重重压力下，爱米丽反抗的不彻底性。在这些内因外因的双重作用下，爱米丽的希望彻底毁灭,最终杀害自己最爱的人,取得女性主体地位。
关键词：艾米丽；悲剧；男权；清教思想；社会变革
1. Introduction
1.1 About the author
William Faulkner (1897--1962) was one of the greatest American novelists. He drew the inspiration of writing from the history and the real society of southern America. He was an outstanding representative of southern literature and was awarded Nobel Prize in Literature in 1949.
1.2 About the story
It tells us something happening on a fictional small town, Jefferson in the American southern Yoknapatawpha County. The protagonist Miss Emily grew up under the strict discipline of her father and was deeply influenced by her father. Her father drove away all the young men who were eager to chase her. As a result, she was still not married until thirty. After her father’s death, Emily stayed indoors and hardly went out. She became very strange and lived in the dilapidated mansion solitarily. Soon after, she was in love with a roadman named Homer Barron and was eager to marry him gleefully. However, Homer Barron had no intention of marrying Emily. Emily was heart-broken and disappointed for her lover. Finally, she poisoned him in order to keep him forever.
2. The background of the writing
The story was set in the American Civil War (1861-1865). At the beginning of the war, 11 southern slave states from the United States announced their divisions and formed the US Confederacy, and the other 25 states supported the federal government. After four years of warfare, mostly within the southern states, the Confederacy surrendered, and slavery throughout the country was banned. In 1860, the Republican Party won the election, which resulted in seven Southern states declaring their secession from the Union even before Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861 and forming the Confederate States of the United States. The management of the outgoing President James Buchanan and the next government were opposed to the legitimacy of secession, regarding it as rebellion. The two sides put forward the army as a coalition to control the borderline states in the early days of the war and established a maritime blockade. However, the battle of the land in the East was uncertain. Later, Lincoln promulgated the "Liberation Manifesto" to end the war goals of slavery.
The victory of the North meant the Federation and the end of slavery to the United States. It strengthened the status of the federal government. The issues of social, political, economic, and ethnic warfare decisively shaped the era of reconstruction and continued until 1877.
3. The causes of Emily’s tragedy life
Because of the conciseness of language, the elaboration of structure and the unique of writing style, “A Rose for Emily” is considered as Faulkner’s most famous short story. Since the publication, different people held different opinions for it. Some people argued that it was a magnum opus of Stream-of-Consciousness Novels. The others believed that it reflected the conflict between the old and new values in the south of America. This paper starts from the perspective of feminism and social reform, trying to explore and analyze the real reasons of Emily’s tragic life. The tragedy can be put down to four main aspects, including first, the discrimination, oppression and domination over women by the male-dominated society and paternalism in American South; second, feminine morality of Puritanism and people’s views on aristocracy; third, social changes and the decline of the southern economy in America at that time; Fourth, the lack of thoroughness in Emily’s resistance.
3.1 The persecution of patriarchy and male-dominated society
The word “patriarchy” was originally derived from the sociology. It means a social structure that a father is the master of a family. The structure permeates all aspects of human life in various ways. Women are constrained by many social conventions. [1]Giving birth and managing household affairs are their main job. A woman should submit to her father before marriage, and then to her husband after marriage. [2] Women are at the passive position and have no right to choose their own life while men are at the center stage of the society. Men make choices and decisions, but women can only take orders; Men go out into the world and make their own full life, however, women have to wait at home for their husband, no matter whether their husband will return or not. Such rules are considered as a symbol of women’s loyalty.[3] In short, men had a control on women in every way, including substance, spirit, emotion, and so on. [4] A woman depends completely on a man. She can’t have her own freedom and life. People believe that a good woman should observe all these social conventions and standards. Otherwise, she would be devil and dirty and be reviled by the society. [5] In the story, Emily’s life had been controlled by her father, Mr. Grierson and her lover Homer Barron in mentality and substance.
When Mr. Grierson’s was alive, he put Emily into their log cabin. He wanted Emily to accompany him all the time, so that he would not feel alone. Even worse, he didn’t allow Emily to marry. He forbade Emily to live her own life and get her true love. He drove all her pursuers away with a whip. In this short story, Mr. Grierson’s whip showed us his rudeness and selfishness. Meanwhile, it was also an embodiment of absolute patriarchal power, which stood in a high rack and was peremptory. Mr. Grierson represented paternity. He deprived her right to living a happy and love life. Such persecution of patriarchy was a main cause of Emily’s miserable and lonely life. In “A rose for Emily”, Mr. Grierson's relationship of control and control over Emily is vividly reflected in a painting. Miss Emily stands behind her father. Her softness and obedience contrasted sharply with her father’s tough overbearing. The darkness and shroud of his silhouette also heralded a profound and bad influence on Emily’s whole life time lingering.[6] “Back to Back” shows that he only taught people to give orders, ignore his daughter’s reactions, ignore his daughter’s happiness, and agree. The "whiplash" is a symbol of power. It is also this powerful fatherhood that destroyed Emily’s life and caused her life tragedy.
Although Emily’s father died, his influence and persecution still existed in her whole life. For Emily, her father was a protective umbrella. She was so attached to his “asylum” that she had no courage to admit her father’s death. Even after Mr. Grierson was really dead, she still insisted that he was alive. Even more deplorable is that Emily inherited her father’s overbearing personality unconsciously. She ignored the law and the tax receipt. Even worse, she drove away the officials who had come to her house for the payment. When she went to buy rat poison, we can see that Emily was a very domineering and arrogant woman from the dialogue between her and the druggist. Such kind of character was also a main reason why Emily chose to poison her lover when she didn’t get his love. Mr. Grierson dominated Emily in every aspect, and she took entirely control of Homer Barron by poisoning him. Here, it can be see that Emily was deeply influenced by her father. Even when Emily died, the overbearing shadow of Mr. Grierson still haunted her. In patriarchal society, women had no place in the society. In addition, women must comply with all kinds of female virtues and must not go overboard it. It was the cruel nature of patriarchy and its trampling on humanity that caused Emily’s miserable life.
However, Emily’s tragedy wasn’t completely caused by her father, but also from the other man who was her lover, named Homer Barron. After Mr. Grierson’s death, Emily decided to start her new life again so her hair cut short and she looked like a girl. During this time, a Yankee, named Homer Barron appeared, he came to the town as a foreman to build a sidewalk. He was very tall and strong, with a cheerful personality and a sense of humor. “Pretty soon he knew everybody in town. Whenever you heard a lot of laughing anywhere about the square, Homer Barron would be in the center of the group.” [7]But the image of Emily in the hearts of public was “dear, inescapable, impervious, tranquil and perverse.”[8] There was a sharp contrast in the character and life style between Emily and Homer Barron. Therefore, Emily fell despite all risks, in love with him, because she was eager to change herself entirely. She also conquered herself step by step.
In the story, Faulkner spent a lot of time focusing on describing Emily’s delight of preparing for the happy life in the future. She went to the jeweler’s and bought a man’s toilet set in silver. Two days later, she had bought a complete outfit of men’s clothing. [9]It can be seen that Emily cherished this belated love very much and regardless any consequence. To purchasing these articles of life was also a manifestation of her longing for sincere love and a happy family life.
Unfortunately, Emily didn’t get a happy love in the end. It is the harsh reality that ruined her dream of happiness. Homer Barron had no intention of marrying her. He chased Emily just for fun. Because Homer had no intention to marrying Emily, he liked men. Such thing was a big blow for Emily. Under the control of grief and despair, Emily, in pursuit of self-realization, let madness overcome reason, and made the final revolt, poisoning her lover by arsenic. By poisoning Homer Barron, Emily kept him in her whole life. And since then, Emily seldom appeared in the public. She slept with a corpse in the rest of her life.
3.2 Feminine morality of Puritanism and people’s views on aristocracy
“The southern society in the United States is Christian, especially in areas where Puritanism is dominant.”[10] Christianity thinks women as the second place. The Bible also contains a great deal of stories and statements about women who must obey men. For example, in the Old Testament, we were taught that God created a woman with a rib of a man. The Bible also tells people that “it was because Eve could not withstand the temptation that mankind lost Eden and fell into endless suffering.”[11]
As a result, women became the cause of all kinds of wickedness and were blamed from generation to generation. In addition, Puritanism in South America contorted “the Holy Bible” arbitrarily, uses “the Holy Bible” to defend racism, and gives birth to southern women’s ethics and patriarchy wrongly from “the Holy Bible”. Even worse, the women’s ethics was intertwined with racism and was deeply influenced by the thought of Chastity is the most important morality in the Middle Age. Since women were seen as tools for succession, women’s chastity was seen as sacred and inviolable in order to ensure “pure” and “noble” descent. Therefore the society strongly advocated so-called "Ladies’ style" and was focus on fostering such a good image. The southern women living under such women’s ethics were unable to control their destiny. Their humanity was suppressed, and their normal desires were condemned by the society so that they cannot realize their own values.[12] Emily was one of the victims. In the eyes of the town's people, Miss Emily had been regarded as “a traditional incarnation, a symbol of obligation, and an object of concern” rather than a woman who had the flesh and blood and desires and had the right to live a normal life. Besides, Emily was an aristocratic woman, she must follow the ethical standards of the southern aristocratic society, maintain her noble manners and elegant demeanor. Her “honorable behavior” should be a symbol of southern ladies “elegant, noble, chaste, and perfect”. [13]
After the death of Emily’s father, the town’s people took over from her father’s work, paying attention to her “Lady's demeanor”, and asked her to establish a “monument” for the south. When she went out with a north Yankee, named Homer Barron by riding a beautiful and light carriage, people in the town thought that it was intolerable and everyone was talking about it. Someone sadly lamented the “poor Emily” and the women thought it was a shame in the town. They believe that a truly noble woman should not forget her honorable behavior. They said that “Grierson’s family will definitely not really think much of a northern Yankee, a man who was paid for daily wages”. [14]Besides, the town people not only talked about it, but also forced the priest of the Baptist Church to come to Emily’s house and tried to stop it. What’s worse, they wrote to Emily's two arrogant, stubborn and conservative sisters-in-law for intervention. It was the town’s people who ruined Emily’s love and destroyed her last life-saving straw.
When Emily went to the jeweler’s and ordered a man’s toilet set in silver and bought a complete outfit of men’s clothing, people in the town believed that "they are married" [15]and thought she was inferior to the Grierson family, and thought "the two female cousin were even more Grierson than Miss Emily had ever been." [16]They were also sure of that Emily had fallen. Therefore, when Miss Emily bought arsenic from the drug shop, people said, “She will kill herself” and “it would be the best thing”. [17]Here, what needs to be pointed out is that the townspeople did not think that she was buying arsenic for other uses, but rather that it was a precursor to her wanting to end her life, and believed that it was the best thing for Emily to do. They would rather she died than let her humiliate tradition and dishonor the face of the South. From the attitude of townspeople, it can be seen that the women's ethics in the southern society had a profound influence on people's value. The interference of traditional forces caused Emily’s love to be fleeting, her final chance to be shattered, and her physical and mental suffering suppressed her becoming more retired and abandoned the world. As a saying goes, "Nothing is more lamentable than a dead heart." Emily was despairing, and in the end she poisoned her lover in order to keep her love, and shared a pillow with the lover's corpse in the rest of her life. It is a tragedy born in the traditional atmosphere of Puritan culture. As the professor Xiao Minghan said, the women’s ethics in the southern America is the true cause of Emily’s Tragedy. As a humanitarian, Faulkner deeply criticized such ethics of the southern woman that violated human nature and destroyed women by the short story.[18]
3.3 Social reforms and the decline of the aristocrats
After American Civil War, a complete change had taken place in the economic foundations of Southern culture. During the period of the civil war and reconstruction, a large number of plantations fell into disintegration, poverty and bankruptcy due to the escape of slave owners, the implementation of the Southern Homestead Act and of high land tax policies during the democratic government. There is no doubt that the old slaveholders in the southern America were bound to decline.
The tragic life of the protagonist Emily indicates the epitome of the collapse of the Old Southern aristocrats after the civil war. The short story describes her decades of declining life, showing us her dislocation with the times. Through the tragic life of Emily, William Faulkner implies that the declining aristocrats indulged in the past and escaped the reality. But they finally failed to change the fate of being eliminated by the wave of social change.
It is inferred from the novel that Emily spent most of her life after the Civil War (1861-1865). The southern lady had to face the fact that her family was in straitened circumstances when she was at the height of her youth and vigor. The death of her father in her thirties made her life much harder. She lost the men to rely on. The noble and happy life of Grierson family was gone, only leaving her a big mansion.
Although the family had come down to the world, Emily still remained her aristocratic personality. She was a so arrogant lady and her thoughts are still vaguely immersed in the splendid glory of the Grierson’s family. She maintained the illusion that her family was very rich. Besides, she refused to embrace new things around her and to integrate into the social life of the new South. She refused to admit that her father was dead and she did not allow people burring him. When she fell in love with the road builder Homer Barron, people were convinced that she was in fall, but she was still arrogant and announced to the townspeople that she presented the dignity of the last generation of the Grierson family. At the drug shop, she ignored the law and refused to explain the reason why she bought arsenic. [19]Although she tried to get rid of the tradition due to the pursuit of love, yet she finally gave up to the old conventions because of the betrayal of her lover and the exertion of the townspeople. After poisoning Homer Barron, she rarely went out, became a recluse and was in a state of no contact with the townspeople. She refused the postal department to set up the house number and mail box at her door. She made an excuse in the former tax exemption order and defying the new policy in public. In short, the imprisonment of the aristocratic thoughts, attachment to the past and escaping from reality made Emily become an isolated creature of the American southern aristocrats.
However, the Grierson family could never return to glory again. The family had lingered on in a steadily worsening condition. In the face of social changes, being entrenched and cowardly can only leave Emily be isolated from the society, living a lonely life. In the author’s detailed description of Emily in her middle age and late years, we can feel that her life was filled with a sense of banality, decay and discordant with the time, which also indicated that the declining aristocrats are bounded to be abandoned by the world. After the “disappearance” of Barron, the southern lady, Emily had grown fat and her hair was turning gray. The ink she wrote to the new government was out of style. When the new government dispatched a delegation to visit her and asked her to pay taxes, Miss Emily was very old. The government delegation smelled that there were full of dust and disuse—a close, dank smell in her mansion: the cracked furniture, the rising dust and “On a tarnished gilt easel before the fireplace stood a crayon portrait of Miss Emily’s father”.[20] It is hardly to connect the prosperity of the old Grierson with the shabby house at present. In particular, it is worth noting that the rural mansion of the Grierson family witnessed the rise and fall of their aristocratic life, in other words, a sharp change. The author once described it as: "It was a big, squarish frame house that had once been white, decorated with cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies in the heavily lightsome style of the seventies, set on what had once been our most select street.” [21]This mansion was a symbol of the wealth and status of the Grierson family. However, in Emily’s age, it became prison-like, symbolizing the self-isolation of the declining aristocrats and escaping the reality. If the Civil War put the southern slave owners, including the Grierson’s family, to an end, the mansion could be regarded as the island of St. Helena of Emily. After experiencing the death of her father and the tragedy of love, she exiled herself to the isolation, never cared about the change of society or conformed to the historical of the time. When Emily died, the mansion was run down, going against the grain with the new world-arrogant, fake and ugly.
Although the author lamented Emily's tragic fate and the decline of the old aristocrats, He still reveals that descendants are no longer able to renew and holding the tradition means end. They would be in decline due to of being entrenched. From this aspect, we can say that Emily's tragedy is the product of The Times. American society was undergoing greatly changed. The slaveholders in the south had ceased to conform to the trend of The Times. If Emily didn't answer the calling of the new society, but stuck to the old, outdated tradition, then the tragedy of her life was inevitable.
3.4 Emily's incomplete resistance
If we consider that Emily's tragedy life completely caused by specific social culture, her father, her lover, Homer Barron, as well as the people in the town, then we will still be confined to the view that it is the external causes that determine the fate of someone, and we have never been able to see the choices and realizations of one’s own value.
Therefore, we cannot completely attribute Emily’s tragedy to external causes and ignore the causes of Emily’s own personality and psychology. Actually, it can be inferred that her tragedy is also the result of her incomplete rebellion and her own choices. Emily received his father's autocratic aristocratic education from the childhood. The edification of the old family made her a typical noble woman. Her personality and thoughts deeply struck the brand of the old age. Deep in her heart, she could not escape from the shackles of the old powers. She could not shake off the shadow of the old tradition. Unfortunately, she could finally succumb to the society and yield to the tradition.[22]
Of course, Emily did not steadfastly abide by the traditional rules, instead she was tried to constantly rebelling. After the death of her father, when townspeople saw her again, her hair had been cut short, making her look like a girl.[23] It means that Emily was tried to start a new life again and she will no longer want to live in the shadow of her father. She wanted to come out and face life again. After falling in love with Homer Barron, she was hampered by all the people in the town. However, despite the criticism of the people in the town, she lifted her head high and stood inexorably against them, bravely pursuing her love and happiness. However, she was a woman who grew up in the Puritan tradition of the South and was deeply tainted by it. Living in such an environment, she certainly knew the power of traditional forces. If she really cared nothing about the gossip, why did "she carried her head high-even when we believed that she was fallen. It was as if she demanded more than ever the recognition of her dignity as the last Grierson" [24]In her deep heart, she was always controlled by the shackles of the old traditions of the South. Under the restriction of so many conventions and moral standards, her rebellion could not be thoroughly, and she had neither not escaped the influence of the South culture on her, nor surpassed the spiritual bondage of the women’s ethics in the Southern America. In the end, she can only gain the status of a woman by killing her lover and keeping her lover's corpse alone for the rest of her life. Obviously, Emily did not completely defeat the traditional forces, and she was only a victim of the Southern Patriarchal Society. Faulkner thus criticized the incompleteness of the “rebellious spirit”of the southern women, and the cruelty of the Southern society in destroying women.
4. Conclusion
Emily’s life was an entire tragedy. The male-dominated society led by his father deprived her of the right to pursue her own happiness. The woman’s ethics under the idea of Puritanism and the concept of aristocracy killed her opportunity to enjoy normal love and family life. Sticking to the society made her unable to conform to the tide of historical development. These factors made it difficult for Emily to make complete resistance. The pressure also destroyed all hope in her life and made her move toward to the abyss of tragedy. It is obvious that the significance of “A Rose for Emily” lies not only in telling this tragic story, but also in guiding people to explore the root causes of this tragedy and to reveal the social and historical catastrophes that cause harm to women. The problem of women has further understanding. The story reflects the spiritual destruction of women in the South and the destruction of their happiness. It also reflects the passive status of women in the South under traditional control. Through Emily’s tragedy, Faulkner showed us the sympathetic picture of women in the entire society of the South, exposing and condemning the repression and destruction of human nature by various inhuman forces. In one word, any individual’s fate is partly decided by his or her own character, but more by the existing society. If we wish to live a happy life, we must work hard, remain rational and have enough courage to fight injustice, but it is, first of all, necessary to build a healthy and harmonious society.
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